Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of ECLS-B children and mothers from the 9-month wave in the ECLS-Birth Cohort 2001–20021.
Table 2.
Unadjusted prevalence1 of overweight/obesity2 by contemporaneous SES3 within race/ethnicity categories4 from the in the ECLS-birth cohort 2001–2007.
Figure 1.
Predicted probability of overweight/obesity from birth until 5 years of age according to socioeconomic status for each race/ethnic group.
a, b, c: These letters denote p<0.05 for difference in the predicted probability of overweight or obesity at 60 months for each SES quintile. Within each race/ethnic group, the quintiles marked with the same letter are not significantly different from each other whereas those marked with different letters are significantly different. The model included the following variables: SES; race/ethnicity; age; age squared; age cubed; SES by race/ethnicity by age interaction; SES by race/ethnicity interaction; SES by age interaction; race/ethnicity by age interaction; sex; household structure; maternal age. Overweight/obesity is defined as body mass index (BMI) z-score >2 standard deviations (SD) above age- and sex- specific WHO Childhood Growth Standard reference mean at all time points except birth, where we define overweight/obesity as weight-for-age z-score >2 SD above age- and sex- specific WHO Childhood Growth Standard reference mean. To represent socioeconomic status, we used a composite index to capture multiple of the social dimensions of socioeconomic status that incorporates information about maternal and paternal education, occupations, and household income to create a variable representing family socioeconomic status on several domains. We created a 5-category race/ethnicity variable (American Indian/Alaska Native, African American, Hispanic, Asian, white) from the mothers' report of child's race/ethnicity, which originally came 25 race/ethnic categories. To have adequate sample size in race/ethnic categories, we assigned a single race/ethnic category for children reporting more than one race, using an ordered, stepwise approach similar to previously published work using ECLS-B (3).
Table 3.
Odds Ratio (95% CI)1 for overweight/obesity2 for each SES quintile3 compared to lowest SES quintile within each race/ethnicity category4.