Figure 1.
Effect of Nosema infection on mortality of adult worker western honey bees (Apis mellifera).
Mortality is shown as the cumulative percentage of dead individuals from control, Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae and mixed N. apis/N. ceranae treatments each day. The experiment was terminated at 30 d post inoculation. Treatments with different letters had significant differences in mortality.
Figure 2.
Effect of Nosema infection on adult worker western honey bee (Apis mellifera) nutritional demand.
Consumption is shown as volume of 50% (weight/volume) sucrose-water mixture per bee per week post inoculation for control, Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae, and mixed N. apis/N. ceranae treatments (Week 4 included only consumption from 22–25 d post inoculation). Boxplots show interquartile range (box), median (black or white line within interquartile range), data range (dashed vertical lines), and outliers (open dots); asterisks (black or white) represent means. No significant differences were observed among treatments for daily consumption per worker.
Figure 3.
Level of Nosema infection in dead adult worker western honey bees (Apis mellifera) 28–30 d post oral inoculation for control, Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae and mixed N. apis/N. ceranae treatments.
Boxplots show interquartile range (box), median (black line within interquartile range), data range (dashed vertical lines), and outliers (open dots); asterisks (black) represent means. Horizontal square parenthesis under boxplots indicates a significant difference; controls were excluded from analyses because no infections were observed.
Figure 4.
Levels of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae DNA (square root-transformed) in adult worker western honey bees (Apis mellifera) that died between 28 and 30 d post inoculation in N. apis, N. ceranae or mixed N. apis/N. ceranae treatments (same workers shown in Fig. 3).
Boxplots show interquartile range (box), median (black or white line within interquartile range), data range (dashed vertical lines), and outliers (open dots); asterisks (black or white) represent means. No significant differences were observed in quantities among the four instances where we expected to find DNA (i.e., the boxes with means above 0).
Figure 5.
Nosema infection intensities in live-sampled adult worker western honey bees (Apis mellifera) at 7, 14, and 21 d post oral inoculation in control, Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae, and mixed N. apis/N. ceranae treatments.
Boxplots show interquartile range (box), median (black or white line within interquartile range), data range (dashed vertical lines), and outliers (open dots); asterisks (black or white) represent means. Horizontal square parenthesis under boxplots indicates a significant difference; controls were excluded from analyses because no infections were observed.