Figure 1.
Mean levels of co-infection prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, and Borrelia burgdorferi in questing Ixodes scapularis nymphs, by site.
Mean levels of co-infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap), Babesia microti (Bm), and Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) in questing nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks by site, 2011–2012. Each category represents mean overall prevalence as opposed to the prevalence of each specific infection type – for example, the “Ap” bar represents not just single infections but also ticks co-infected with Ap and either or both of the other two pathogens. Error bars represent standard error. For individual years see Figure S2.
Figure 2.
Log (base 2) of the observed: expected ratio of questing Ixodes scapularis nymphs.
Log (base 2) of observed: expected ratio of each infection status of questing Ixodes scapularis ticks sampled at 161 sites across Dutchess County, NY, USA. The magnitude and direction of the log ratios illustrates the extent to which the observed levels of co-infection differed from expected levels of co-infection due to random assortment of pathogens. Pathogens sampled include Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap), Babesia microti (Bm), and Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). Expected infection frequencies are based on 100,000 random permutations of infection frequencies for each pathogen.
Table 1.
Predictions of infection prevalence in questing Ixodes scapularis nymphal ticks using a permutation analysis assuming independent assortment of all three pathogens, and deviations of observed data from those predictions.
Figure 3.
Co-infection prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, and Borrelia burgdorferi in wildlife host species groups.
Mean co-infection prevalence for Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap), Babesia microti (Bm), and Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) of host-collected Ixodes scapularis ticks fed on (A) small mammal, (B) meso-mammal, (C) sciurid, and (D) bird host species. Each category represents the mean prevalence of each specific co-infection type as opposed to overall prevalence. Error bars show standard error. Note that no co-infections were observed in D. carolinensis.
Table 2.
Predictions of infection prevalence in host-collected ticks fed on small mammals using a permutation analysis assuming independent assortment of all three pathogens, and deviations of observed data from those predictions.
Table 3.
Predictions of infection prevalence in host-collected ticks fed on meso-mammals using a permutation analysis assuming independent assortment of all three pathogens, and deviations of observed data from those predictions.
Table 4.
Predictions of infection prevalence in host-collected ticks fed on sciurids using a permutation analysis assuming independent assortment of all three pathogens, and deviations of observed data from those predictions.
Table 5.
Predictions of infection prevalence in host-collected ticks fed on birds using a permutation analysis assuming independent assortment of all three pathogens, and deviations of observed data from those predictions.