Figure 1.
Comparisons of the Frascati Criteria and Global Deficit Scores to define neurocognitive impairment in HIV.
Figure 2.
Summary of patient screening and recruitment.
ART: anti-retroviral therapy, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus, VCT: voluntary testing and counselling, IHDS: International HIV Dementia Scale, HAND: HIV associated neurocognitive disorder, ANI: asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, MND: minor neurocognitive disorder, HAD: HIV associated dementia, pCM: past history of cryptococcal meningitis, pTBM: past history of tuberculous meningitis, cPTB: current pulmonary tuberculosis.
Figure 3.
Distributions of neurocognitive test results according to HIV status in 209 Malawians adults.
The horizontal axis shows the z score calculated using the standard deviation around the HIV negative mean. The vertical axis shows the frequency of patients achieving each z score. The blue bars represent HIV positive patients and the red bars represent HIV negative patients. HVLT = Hopkins Verbal Learning Test.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 209 Malawian adults with and without HIV.
Table 2.
Normative values of a neurocognitive battery from 103 HIV negative Malawian adults according to age ≥35 years or <35 years and ≥7 years or <7 years of schooling.
Figure 4.
Plasma NNRTI concentrations according to Global Deficit Score (GDS)* in 103 HIV positive Malawian adults. (A. nevirpaine B. efavirenz).
The black line represent the best fit linear trend and the red line represents the Minimum Effectivenes Concentration (MEC). *A Global Deficit Score (GDS) of between 0.5 and 1 represents borderline/mild neurocognitive impairment.
Table 3.
Risk factors for subtherapeutic NNRTI levels in 106 HIV positive Malawian Adults on Cart.
Table 4.
Risk factors for presence of MND/HAD in 106 HIV positive Malawian adults on cART.
Table 5.
Risk factors for presence of ANI in 106 HIV positive Malawian adults on cART.