Figure 1.
Examples of the four types of “different” trials.
Two dot-cross grids were displayed simultaneously to the left and right of central fixation. In the actual experiments, the dot was red and appeared an equal number of times in each of the 4 quadrants across all trials.
Figure 2.
Harder vs. easier-to-name spatial categories.
(A) In harder-to-name trials each quadrant was associated with two spatial prepositions (e.g. above AND left). (B) In easier-to-name trials each quadrant was unambiguously associated with a discrete spatial preposition (e.g. above OR left). (C) For verbal training in Experiment 3, each of the four positions corresponding to the “×” partition (not shown during training) was valid for a single label (above, below, left, or right). Each of the four positions corresponding to the “+” partition was valid for two labels (above and right, above and left, below and right, or below and left).
Figure 3.
Accuracy results for Experiment 1.
(A) Overall % accuracy for all different trials. (B) Nameability advantage (easier-to-name trials minus harder-to-name trials). A positive difference score indicates an advantage on easier-to-name trials; a negative score indicates a disadvantage on easier-to-name trials. Error bars represent 1SE of the mean difference between easier-to-name and harder-to-name trials.
Figure 4.
Accuracy results for Experiment 2 (visual vs. verbal interference).
(A) Overall % accuracy for all different trials. (B) Nameability advantage (easier-to-name trials minus harder-to-name trials). A positive difference score indicates an advantage on easier-to-name trials; a negative score indicates a disadvantage on easier-to-name trials. Error bars represent 1SE of the mean difference between easier-to-name and harder-to-name trials.
Figure 5.
Accuracy results for Experiment 3 (verbal training).
(A) Overall % accuracy for all different trials. (B) Nameability advantage (easier-to-name trials minus harder-to-name trials). A positive difference score indicates an advantage on easier-to-name trials; a negative score indicates a disadvantage on easier-to-name trials. Error bars represent 1SE of the mean difference between easier-to-name and harder-to-name trials.