Figure 1.
Barn swallow breeding populations sampled in this study.
(1): SPA, Spain; (2): IRE, Ireland; (3): ITA, Italy; (4): GER, Germany; (5): CYP, Cyprus; (6): RUS, Russia. Mitochondrial DNA sequences available in the GenBank were obtained from Russian populations of Krasnodar (7, KRD) and Medvedevo (8, MED) (Table S1).
Table 1.
The characteristics of the investigated STR loci are shown.
Figure 2.
Median-Joining network of barn swallow populations computed on mtDNA haplotypes with network.
Size of circles is proportional to the haplotype frequency. The colour of each population is indicated as well as the number of each haplotype. A length bar to compute the number of mutational changes was provided (see also Table S1). The inset showed Mismatch Distribution (MD) of the mtDNA pairwise differences (observed: dotted; expected: line) computed on the whole dataset (n = 76). The expected curve was obtained from simulated values computed from the data under the model of demographic expansion (H0). The Harpending's raggedness index (r) was given with the P value of the SSD test as well as Tajima's D, Fu's FS and R2 statistics.
Table 2.
The genetic variability of the STR loci for each population.
Figure 3.
The Principal Component Analysis performed using the average pairwise FST distance values among STR genotypes.
The percentage of total variance explained by each of the first two components is given. (A) All individuals. (B) Only males. (C) Only females.
Table 3.
Estimates of population pairwise genetic distance values (FST) and number of migrants (Nem).
Figure 4.
Bayesian admixture analysis as inferred using structure.
The ΔK calculated according to Evanno et al. [61] was optimal for K = 2 in all computations. Each population was represented by a pie chart whose segments were proportional to the number of specimens assigned to cluster I (black), to cluster II (white) or which showed admixed genotypes (grey). Threshold value for assignment to each cluster was Qi = 0.80 (Table S4). (A) All individuals. (B) Only males. (C) Only females.
Table 4.
Sex-biased dispersal tests.