Figure 1.
Habitat of Vargasiella peruviana C.Schweinf., Peru, Molinopampa (T. Kusibab).
Figure 2.
Vargasiella peruviana C.Schweinf.
(A) Plant in situ; stem marked with red arrows. (B) Inflorescence. (C) Lip closeup. Photos: T. Kusibab.
Figure 3.
One of the most parsimonious trees in the ITS, matK and trnL-F analyses for Zygopetalinae Schltr.
The Vargasiella peruviana C.Schweinf. is highlighted in bold. The numbers above branches are Fitch branch lengths. Bootstrap percentages >50 are given for supported clades below branches. Arrows indicate clades that collapse in the strict consensus tree.
Table 1.
Statistics for one of the most parsimonious trees from each analysis (CI - consistency index; RI - retention index).
Figure 4.
Clocktree of Zygopetalinae estimated from the matK gene.
Figure 5.
(A) UPGMA dendrogram, Euclidean distance (B) Neighbor joining dendrogram, Euclidean distance (C) Parsimony heuristic search TBR cladogram, Fitch optimization with bootstrap.
Table 2.
Comparison of main morphological characters between Vargasiella, Warrea, Warreopsis, Maxillaria and Oncidium.
Figure 6.
Vargasiella venezuelana C.Schweinf.
(A) Lip with central fleshy disc divided into two thickenings. (B) Lip base. (C) Details of (B): the irregularly sized rounded cells to obpyriform and conical papillae, visible cuticle swellings on the cells. (D) Lip middle part and apex. (E) Detail of (D). Surface between thickenings built by the obpyriform to slightly conical papillae (F). (G) Conical papillae present on the thickenings; Visible cuticle swellings on the cells (F-G). (H) The involute undulate margins built by groups of elongated conical papillae. (I) Papillae (detail of H) covered by undulated cuticle, cuticle swellings also present.
Figure 7.
Vargasiella venezuelana C.Schweinf.
(A-C) The stout short gynostemium with large, deltoid, deeply concave stigma (A: LM; B-C: SEM). (D). Rounded to conical papillae occurring on the edge of clinandrium covered by ridged cuticle. (E) Surface under the stigma covered by flat cells with regularly ridged cuticle (also visible in F-G); a few longer conical papillae noticed close to the column margins (details in F) with visible drops of secretory remnants on surface. (G) Paracytic type of stomata. (H) The four obovoid-ellipsoid pollinia grouped in two unequal pairs.
Figure 8.
(A) Lip with central single callus beginning from the smooth base, deeply undulate surface at the lip apex. (B) The elongate, robust gynostemium. (C) Details of (B): tegula thin, narrowed gradually towards apex, stigma rather large, elliptic, deeply concave, partially hidden by rostellum. (D) Polinia four in two unequal pairs. Warrea warreana (Lodd. ex Lindl.) C. Schweinf. (E) Lip base with central callus. (F) Deeply undulate lip apex. (G-H) Gynostemium with thin tegula and elliptic stigma (the same as in W. costaricensis). (I) Polinia four in two unequal pairs.
Figure 9.
Warrea hookeriana (Rchb.f.) Rolfe.
(A,B) Rostellum remnant, front view. (C-E) Various views of pollinarium. (F) Viscidium, bottom view. (G) Pollinia, various views (cult. Glasnevin BG, K).
Table 3.
Contribution of most important bioclimatic variables to the ecological niche models of the studied taxa.
Figure 10.
Distribution of the suitable habitats of Vargasiella (A), Warrea costaricensis (B), Warrea warreana (C), Warreopsis pardina (D) and Warreopsis parviflora (E) during LGM.
Table 4.
The glacial niche overlap statistics – Schoener's D statistic.
Table 5.
The glacial niche overlap statistic - I statistic.
Figure 11.
Current distribution of the suitable habitats of Vargasiella (A), Warrea costaricensis (B), Warrea warreana (C), Warreopsis pardina (D) and Warreopsis parviflora (E).
Table 6.
The niche overlap statistics – Schoener's D statistic.
Table 7.
The niche overlap statistics - I statistic.
Table 8.
Overlapping of the ranges and occupied niches between LGM and present time.
Figure 12.
Flowers of Vargasiella peruviana (A) and Warrea warreana (B-C).
Photos: T. Kusibab.