Table 1.
Critical thermal maximum (CTmax), sample size (N) and body mass (Mass) of Hyla versicolor tadpoles, in four treatments.
Table 2.
Experimental temperatures, sample size (N), total tadpole length in mm (TTL±SE), and maximum swimming speeds in cm/s (mean ±SE) for gray treefrog tadpoles that were exposed to predator cues and the herbicide Roundup.
Table 3.
ANOVA using CTmax as dependent variable, predator cues and Roundup as categorical factors (including the interaction of these factors) and, mesocosm nested within the interaction of predator cues and Roundup, for Hyla versicolor.
Figure 1.
Rescaled thermal performance curves for swimming speed in each treatment with fitted common template shape.
Common template shape z(T) is represented by a dashed line nad the treatments by solid lines. Each thermal performance curve of a treatment (i) and temperature were standardized with respect to the estimates of height (h), location (m; Topt), and width (w) parameters from the fit to model. Rescaled optimum temperature Topt = 0. (see [46], [51]). Swimming z(T) = 1.6458–0.004T2–0.00023982T3+0.000003493T4.
Figure 2.
Overall shape of the thermal performance curves for each of the four induction treatments.
Each treatment is represented by a thermal performance curve for tadpole swimming speed: control - solid line, predator - dashed line, Roundup - dotted line and predator+Roundup - dash-dot line.
Table 4.
Parameters of thermal performance curves for maximum swimming speed in four treatments, for Hyla versicolor, estimated with TMV method (Izem and Kingsolver, 2005) and nlinfit/nlparci functions in Matlab (Mathworks, 2009).
Table 5.
ANOVA using burst speed as dependent variable, and temperature, mesocosm, predator cues and Roundup as categorical predictors, with mesocosm nested within the interaction of predator cues and Roundup, for Hyla versicolor.
Figure 3.
Transformation grids with landmarks and warped outline drawings for each treatment's tadpole shape.
a) Transformation grids with landmarks (black dots) and vectors showing direction of variation; b) comparison of warped outline drawings for each treatment shape (black) and control shape (grey). Transformation grids and warped outline drawings were magnified (x5) to better illustrate the differences. C – Control, R – Roundup, P – Predator and PR – Predator + Roundup.
Table 6.
ANOVAs to determine if predator cues and Roundup (including their interaction) influenced size (a; centroid), or shape (b and c) of tadpoles (MIgeo, for geometric morphometric measurements, or MIlin, for linear measurements, respectively) with mesocosm nested within the interaction of predator cues and Roundup (i.e. mesocosm nested within treatment).
Table 7.
ANCOVA analysis using burst speed as dependent variable, shape variables MIgeo (a) or MIlin (b) and tadpole size (centroid) as continuous predictors, alongside temperature, predator cues and Roundup as categorical predictors.