Figure 1.
Effect of BE-IS on ear edema (A) and MPO activity (B) induced by croton oil in mice.
Mice were divided randomly into five groups: Control group (0.5% CMC-Na), Ibuprofen group (300 mg/kg) and BE-IS groups (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg). Ear edema was induced by topical application of 1% croton oil on the outer and inner surfaces of the right ear of each mouse. The left ear remained untreated and served as a control. Ear edema and MPO activity were measured 4 h after application of croton oil. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E., n = 20, *P<0.05, **P<0.01 as compared to the control group.
Figure 2.
Effect of BE-IS on carrageenan-induced right hind paw edema in rats.
Rats were divided randomly into five groups: Control group (0.5% CMC-Na), Ibuprofen group (200 mg/kg) and BE-IS groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). Paw edema was induced by subplantar injection of 0.1 ml of 1% freshly prepared carrageenan suspension in normal saline into the right hind paw of each rat. Paw size was measured as the paw circumference immediately before and once an hour for 6 h after carrageenan injection. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E., n = 10, *P<0.05, ** <0.01 as compared to the control group.
Table 1.
Effect of BE-IS on rat pleurisy induced by carrageenan.
Figure 3.
Effect of BE-IS on cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats.
With rats under ether anesthesia, sterile cotton pellets weighing 50±1 mg were implanted subcutaneously in both axillae regions of each rat by a single needle incision. Then rats were divided randomly into five groups: Control group (0.5% CMC-Na, p.o), Dexamethasone (DEX) group (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and BE-IS groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o). On day 8, granuloma tissue was carefully dissected. The pellets were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and dried at 60°C to constant weight. The increase in dry weight of the pellets was used to measure granuloma formation. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E., n = 10, *P<0.05, **P<0.01 as compared to the control group.
Table 2.
Effect of BE-IS on complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced chronic arthritic rats.
Table 3.
Sighting study in acute oral toxicity assay–fixed dose procedure.
Figure 4.
Effect of BE-IS on the viability of RAW264.7 cells.
Cells were incubated for 24% DMSO, 1 µg/ml LPS, or BE-IS (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 µg/ml, dissolved in 0.1% DMSO). Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The optical density was measured at 550 nm on a microplate reader. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E. for three different experiments performed in triplicate.
Figure 5.
Effect of BE-IS on LPS-induced production of NO (A) and PGE2 (B) in RAW264.7 cells.
Cells were incubated with BE-IS (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 µg/ml) for 1 h before stimulation with LPS (1 µg/ml) for 24 h. The concentrations of NO and PGE2 in the cell supernatants were determined by the Griess reaction and ELISA, respectively, according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E. for three independent experiments. # P<0.001 as compared to the control group, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 as compared to LPS-alone group.
Figure 6.
Effect of BE-IS on LPS-induced production of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B) and IL-6 (C) in RAW264.7 cells.
Cells were incubated with BE-IS (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 µg/ml) for 1 h before stimulation with LPS (1 µg/ml) for 24 h. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the cell supernatants were determined by ELISA according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E. for three independent experiments. # P<0.001 as compared to the control group, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 as compared to LPS-alone group.