Figure 1.
Illustration of BOLD image analysis.
Anatomical templates are shown on the left, R2* maps in the middle, and color maps on the right (low R2* levels corresponding to higher tissue oxygenation in red, high R2* levels in yellow). Two regions of interest (ROIs) are traced in the form of circles (20 voxels each) in the cortex and medulla of each kidney; this procedure is repeated on four different slices.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients and controls enrolled in the study.
Table 2.
Drug treatment of participants.
Figure 2.
Probability density function (Kernel density) of renal R2* values.
A/medullary R2* values and B/cortical R2* values.
Figure 3.
Probability density function (Kernel density) of cortical R2* values by gender, according to group.
Figure 4.
Medullary and cortical R2* values over decreasing eGFRmdrd values.
The number of subjects was n = 10 (for the eGFR>125 ml/min/1.73 m2 category), 64 (eGFR 90–125), 65 (60–89), 36 (30–59), 15 (15–29) and 5 (<15), respectively.
Table 3.
Baseline medullary and cortical R2*values and medullary cortical ratio's (MCR), overall and by gender.
Figure 5.
Cortical and medullary R2* values according to the cause of CKD.
Values shown as boxplots; No (no CKD, n = 100), DM (diabetic nephropathy, n = 20), AHT (hypertensive nephropathy, n = 31), GN(glomerulonephritis, n = 17), reflux (reflux nephropathy, n = 6), one (solitary kidney, n = 7), IF (interstitial nephritis, n = 6), other (other cause of kidney disease, n = 8). There were no differences between cortical and medullary R2* levels between the groups (ANOVA p = 0.10 and p = 0.99, respectively)
Figure 6.
Furosemide-induced change in medullary R2* values according to group.
Table 4.
Multivariate linear regression analysis examining correlations between baseline characteristics and medullary and cortical R2* levels.
Table 5.
Multivariate linear regression analysis examining correlations between baseline characteristics and cortical R2* levels, stratified by gender.