Figure 1.
Side views of the three inflorescence types: horizontal (Unmanipulated), upward-facing (Up), and downward-facing (Down).
The positive or negative angles between a flower’s main axis and the horizontal indicate the floral orientation. The flower angle was manipulated by leaning the pedicel of individual flowers and taping the terminal of the spur to the inflorescence stalk.
Table 1.
Effects of changes in floral orientation on the number of inflorescences approached and visited per observation period (Mean ± SD) by leafcutter bees and bumble bees based on generalized linear model (GLM).
Table 2.
Effects of changes in floral orientation on the percentage of upward movements to total vertical movements on inflorescences by leafcutter bees and bumble bees.
Figure 2.
Comparisons in number of pollen grains removed after a single visit per flower by leafcutter bees (A) and bumble bees (B) among unmanipulated, UP, and DOWN inflorescences.
Bars show standard errors. ***P<0.001.
Figure 3.
Comparisons in seed production per inflorescence among unmanipulated, UP, and DOWN inflorescences.
Bars show standard errors. ***P<0.001.