Figure 1.
Wild type and mutant leg and antenna phenotypes.
Micrographs show the normal morphology of the tarsal structures of the wild type Canton S, ssa40ahm and milkah-1 flies. Antennal structures of the milkah-1 mutant flies do not show any difference from the wild type. The distal segment of the antenna – the arista - of the ssa40ahm flies presents a certain thickening of the proximal end. The arista of the ssa40ahmmilkah-1 hybrid flies suffered homeotic transformation into an unsegmented tarsus. The tarsal structures of the ssa40ahmmilkah-1 hybrids show altered segment fusion.
Figure 2.
Wild type and mutant antenna and leg in flies in normal conditions and following irradiation.
Simultaneous combination of mutations at both ss and CG5017 loci increases sensitivity to even low doses of X-ray radiation (1 and 10 R), which is manifested as an increase in the mutant phenotype (photographs within the red frame).
Figure 3.
Effect of X-rays and pharmacological agents on Cyp6g1, GST-theta (CG1681) and ss mRNA expression.
The relative level of expression of mRNA was measured using real-time PCR. A, B, C – level of mRNA expressed in Canton S, ssa40a and ssaSc flies respectively. As a control, we used RNA from flies, which have not been exposed to radiation (cont.). F, 5-HT – level of mRNA expressed in flies, grown on medium with added furazidin (F) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), respectively; R – radiation dose in Roentgens; 1-10R, level of expressed mRNA of the genes under study in flies irradiated with a dose of 1-10 R. F1-10R, 5-HT1-10R – level of expressed mRNA of the genes under study in flies grown on medium with added F or 5-HT and radiated with 1-10 R, respectively. The bars show the level of mRNA expression. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean of triplicate experiments. * - P<0.05, compared to control group, - P<0.05, compared to F or 5-HT group.
Figure 4.
Dynamics of acquisition and retention of conditioned courtship suppression in mutant males.
Males from wild type Canton S (A-B), milkah-1 (C–D), ssa40a (E–F) and ssa40amilkah-1 (G–H) lines were tested. (A, C, E, G) – of tested males. (B, D, F, H) –
of tested males. On the X-axis: time following training, in days; on the Y axis:
– courtship index,
– learning index, standard units. Open columns –
of naive males, hatched columns –
(
) of trained males. Each point represents 20 males. ** -
or
significantly lower than for wild type (two-sided randomization test,
) in similar condition;
-
in a test immediately following training or in a deferred test, significantly lower than the CI of naive males (two-sided randomization test,
);
-
in the delayed test significantly lower than in test immediately following training (two-sided randomization test,
.