Figure 1.
A radial section of the endocardial (solid red line) and epicardial (dashed blue line) surfaces of the LV model, from [27].
Figure 2.
The lines on the surface have equations ρ = const and ϕ = const. Color corresponds to height (z coordinate).
Figure 3.
A spiral surface viewed from the top (left panel) and side (right panel).
Two myofibers are displayed in red and black.
Table 1.
Dependence of the total fiber angle on the model parameters .
Table 2.
The initial excitation areas.
Figure 4.
Arrival times, in ms, of the waves after point stimulation at the apex for various values of anisotropy and fiber rotation.
The values of anisotropy are shown at the top of the figure and the values of the fiber rotation are shown in the left column. For details, see Table 1. Arrival times are color-coded in ms.
Figure 5.
Arrival times, in ms, of the waves after point stimulation at the epicardial surface for a large anisotropy ratio D1∶D2 = 1∶0.111.
The notation is the same as in Fig. 4.
Figure 6.
Arrival times, in ms, of the waves after point stimulation at the endocardial surface for a large anisotropy ratio D1∶D2 = 1∶0.111.
The notation is the same as in Fig. 4.
Figure 7.
Arrival times, in ms, of the waves after point stimulation at the epicardial surface for an intermediate anisotropy ratio D1∶D2 = 1∶0.25.
The notation is the same as in Fig. 4.
Figure 8.
Arrival times, in ms, of the waves after point stimulation at the endocardial surface for an intermediate anisotropy ratio D1∶D2 = 1∶0.25.
The notation is the same as in Fig. 4.
Figure 9.
Arrival times, in ms, as a function of the distance from the stimulation point for the apical (A), epicardial (B), and endocardial (C) stimulation.
The distance on the horizontal axis is measured in ms as the arrival time of the wave in the isotropic model (see text for more details). The red lines represent numerical experiments for total rotation angle α = 174°; the black lines represent for α = 16°; and the blue lines represent isotropy. The solid lines correspond to the case D1∶D2 = 1∶0.111, while the dashed lines correspond to the case D1∶D2 = 1∶0.25. The vertical segments display minimal and maximal arrival times in each group of nodes. The average, min, and max arrival times are displayed on the leftmost panels for D1∶D2 = 1∶0.111 and in the middle column for D1∶D2 = 1∶0.25. The right column compares the average arrival times.
Figure 10.
Scroll wave rotation period T, ms, as a function of total fiber rotation angle α, deg.
Figure 11.
Potential, mV, on the LV surface during scroll wave rotation (left) and tip trajectory for D1∶D2 = 1∶0.111 (red line) and for D1∶D2 = 1∶0.25 (black line) (right).
The results are shown for model 2 (γ0 = 0.2, γ1 = 0.7, see text and Table 1 for details).
Figure 12.
Velocity of scroll wave filament drift for the simulation of 8 s.
Average filament velocity Vc, mm/s (A). Velocity components multiplied by 1000, per second: latitudinal component vψ (B) and longitudinal component vϕ (C).
Figure 13.
Scroll wave filaments in the LV model.
The anisotropy ratio is D1∶D2 = 1∶0.111. Panels A, B, C, D: models 1, 2, 3, 4 (see Table 1), fiber rotation angle in the LV wall increases from panel A to panel D. The epicarduim (semitransparent colored surface; color denotes height from the red base to the purple apex), the endocardium (opaque white meshy surface), and filaments (black lines and dots).