Figure 1.
Location of major wetlands in Southwestern India showing geological formations/rock type and lineaments (Modified after [85]).
Figure 2.
Landward extension of Kerala–Konkan basin showing fossil wood locations associated with wetlands and major river basins of south west India.
Table 1.
Location of wood samples along with their environment and details of sample collection.
Table 2.
Lithological bearing of the subfossil wood samples along with other relevant details including radiocarbon dates.
Table 3.
List of identified sub fossil logs and partially carbonized woods from the wetlands of Kerala.
Figure 3.
Field view of subfossil logs from wetlands of Kerala.
(a) Vamanapuram River Bank, Thiruvananthapuram, ∼3 km west of Parippally. (b), (d) and (g) Karamana River bank, Thiruvananthapuram. (c) and (f) Ayiroor. (e) Partially carbonized wood from Karippuzha, Alappuzha. (h) Heap of carbonized logs in the backyard of a coastal village, Pathiyoor. (i) Vettiyar, Alappuzha. (j) Coastal lowlands of Periyar River. (k) Sacred grove of Keerikkad village, Alappuzha.
Figure 4.
Wood anatomical details of Calophyllum sp. (1–4) and Careya arborea Roxb. (5–10).
1. Transverse section showing distribution of obliquely arranged tylosed vessels and apotracheal parenchyma bands. Scale bar = 250 µm; (BSIP Museum Slide No. 40078 A-1). 2. Tangential longitudinal sections showing uniseriate rays and tylosed vessel elements. Scale bar = 100 µm; (BSIP Museum Slide No. 40078 A-2). 3. Tangential longitudinal sections magnified showing uniseriate rays ands solitary crystal Scale bar = 50 µm; (BSIP Museum Slide No. 40078 A-3). 4. Radial longitudinal section showing heterocellular rays. (BSIP Museum Slide No. 40078 A-4). 5. Transverse section showing distribution of tylosed vessels and apotracheal parenchyma lines. Scale bar = 250 µm; BSIP Museum Slide No. 40080-1. 6. Transverse section of another sample showing distribution of tylosed vessels and apotracheal parenchyma lines. Scale bar = 250 µm; BSIP Museum Slide No. 40080-2. 7. Tangential longitudinal section showing distribution of multiseriate rays and tylosed vessels. Scale bar = 250 µm; BSIP Museum Slide No. 40080-3. 8. Tangential longitudinal section enlarged of another sample showing a multiseriate rays. Scale bar = 100 µm; BSIP Museum Slide No. 40080 - 4. 9. Tangential longitudinal section showing bordered, alternate hexagonal intervessel pits. Scale bar = 50 µm; BSIP Museum Slide No. 40080 -5. 10. Radial longitudinal section showing heterocellular ray cells. Scale bar = 100 µm. BSIP Museum Slide No. 40080 - 6.
Figure 5.
Cross sectional view Pleistocene and Holocene sediments along Kollam - Ernakulam coast.
Figure 6.
Correlation of Pangod, West Kallada and Munrothuruthu areas showing Holocene Climatic phases.
Table 4.
Radiocarbon dates of the Holocene woods/peat/sediments of the wetlands of Kerala.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Sand, mud, organic carbon and nitrogen contents in the sediments of Pangod quarry along with the concentration of δ15 N and δ 13C org.
Figure 9.
Litholog of Pangod quarry showing carbonized and non carbonized subfossil logs at two different stratigraphic levels along with radiocarbon dates.
(a) Sub fossil log. (b) Partially carbonized wood. (c) Cross section showing indistinct growth rings. (d) Enlarged sector of growth rings. (e) and (f) Carbonized wood along with bark showing disintegration of wood.
Figure 10.
Ecogeomorpholgical evolution of southwest coast of India during Holocene.
(a) 9–8 k yrs BP; (b) 7–6 k yrs BP; (c) 3 k yrs BP.