Table 1.
Principal ecosystem services (ES) supplied by wetlands.
Figure 1.
Mean effect size (response ratio) of ecological restoration on overall biodiversity and biodiversity of specific types of organisms in restored wetlands with respect to (a) degraded wetlands or (b) natural wetlands.
Numbers in parentheses indicate the sample size (number of comparisons) followed by the numbers of studies. Bars extending from the means indicate bias-corrected 95% bootstrap confidence intervals. A mean effect size is significantly different from zero if the 95% confidence interval does not overlap with it. In comparison (a), no data were available on non-native vascular plants and protists. In comparison (b), the confidence interval for terrestrial invertebrates is not visible because it is smaller than the mean marker.
Figure 2.
Mean effect size (response ratio) of ecological restoration on four major ES types defined by the MEA (2005) and on 13 individual ES (see details in Table 1) in restored wetlands with respect to (a) degraded wetlands or (b) natural wetlands.
Bars extending from the means indicate bias-corrected 95% bootstrap confidence intervals. A mean effect size is significantly different from zero if the 95% confidence interval does not overlap with it. Numbers in parentheses indicate the sample size (number of comparisons) followed by the numbers of studies.
Figure 3.
Spearman rank correlations between biodiversity and ES supply in restored wetlands with respect to (a) degraded wetlands or (b) natural wetlands.
Table 2.
Results of mixed linear models assessing the influence of ecological context factors on the effects of restoration on biodiversity and ecosystem services of wetlands.