Table 1.
Formulation and proximate composition of the experimental diets.
Table 2.
Fatty acid composition of fish oil, soybean oil and the diets.
Figure 1.
Transmission electron microscope images of blunt snout bream hepatocyte and mitochondrion ultrastructure: N (Nucleus), L (lipid droplet), M (mitochondrion).
Photomicrographs and main findings: (a) hepatocytes of fish fed low-fat diet with normal structure; (b) hepatocytes presenting extensive intracellular lipid droplets of fish fed high-fat diet; (c) hepatocytes of fish fed low-fat diet displaying dark and slender mitochondria; (d, e) mitochondria showing highly hydropic changes (↑, →) of fish fed high-fat diet. Bar = 1 μm.
Figure 2.
Parameters related to mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation in liver of blunt snout bream fed the experimental diets.
(A) Mitochondrial β-oxidation in liver homogenate or mitochondrial-fraction. (B) Peroxisomal β-oxidation in liver. (C) CPT I activity in mitochondrial-fraction. (D) Acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) activity in liver homogenate. Mean values and standard error (±S.E.M.) are present for each parameter (n = 6). *, Significantly different from the fish fed control diet: P<0.05.
Figure 3.
IC50:The concentration of malonyl-CoA (μM) to reduce the activity of CPT I by 50% (A); Malonyl-CoA (M-CoA) content in liver (B); Mean values and standard error (±S.E.M.) are present for each parameter (n = 6).
Table 3.
Kinetic analysis of CPT I in liver of blunt snout bream fed the experimental diets.
Figure 4.
Mitochondria status parameters in blunt snout bream fed the experimental diets.
(A) SDH activity in mitochondrial fraction. (B) Na+-K+-ATPase in mitochondrial fraction. (C) SOD activity in mitochondrial fraction. (D) MDA level in mitochondrial fraction. Mean values and standard error (±S.E.M.) are present for each parameter (n = 6). *, Significantly different from the fish fed control diet: P<0.05.
Table 4.
Fatty acid composition of mitochondrial membrane in liver of blunt snout bream fed the experimental diets.
Figure 5.
Relative gene expressions of lipid-related genes.
(A) Genes involved in mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation (CPT I, ACO, CPT II, FACS and ACAD). (B) Genes involved in gene regulation (PPARs), fatty acid uptake and transport (FATP and FABP) and uncoupling protein (UCP 2). Mean values and standard error (±S.E.M.) are present for each parameter (n = 6). The values of the expression of the target genes are presented as relative to value of low-fat group (set to 1). Data were normalized by β-actin. *, Significantly different from the fish fed control diet: P<0.05. PPAR: peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor; ACO: acyl-CoA oxidase; ACAD: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; CPT I, II: carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, II; FACS: fatty acyl-CoA synthetase; FATP: fatty acid transport protein; FABP: fatty acid binding protein; UCP 2: uncoupling protein 2.