Figure 1.
The Wave Glider long-duration autonomous vehicle used in the Pacific crossings.
The chlorophyll, oil CDOM, and turbidity sensors were located in the payload bays in the surface float. The CTD sensor was located in the glider subsea payload area.
Table 1.
List of launch and recovery times for each glider in the PacX crossing.
Table 2.
Summary of glider sensors calibration and quality control decisions.
Figure 2.
Maps of gliders tracks overlaid on satellite salinity and chlorophyll.
The glider tracks are shown overlaid on (a) Aquarius SSS for August 2012 and (b) VIIRS chlorophyll for August 2012. The first day of each month is shown as a black triangle. The glider tracks are labeled in (a) and the tracks of Benjamin and Piccard Maru are shown in white, and those of Papa Mau and Fontaine Maru are shown in dark gray. Where the tracks overlap, only the grey tracks can be seen.
Figure 3.
Times-series of CTD and C3 data for Papa Mau and Benjamin.
Time-series for the complete mission of (a & g) temperature, (b & h) salinity, (c & i) fluorescence, (d & j) Oil CDOM, (e & k) turbidity and (f & l) latitude for the Papa Mau and Benjamin gliders. Synoptic temperature values from the MODIS satellite are overlaid on a & g in red. Synoptic salinity values from the Aquarius satellite are overlaid on b & h in red. Synoptic chlorophyll values from the MODIS satellite are overlaid on c & i in red, which are on a different scale than the glider fluorescence data. Note that the scales for (c & i) chlorophyll fluorescence (d & j) Oil CDOM and (e & k) Turbidity are different for the two gliders.
Figure 4.
Correlations between glider and satellite data.
Correlations between (a) daily averaged glider temperature and MODIS SST, (b) daily averaged glider salinity and Aquarius SSS, (c) daily averaged glider fluorescence and MODIS chlorophyll, and (d) daily averaged glider temperature and VIIRS chlorophyll. Points are color-coded by glider; Papa Mau is red, Benjamin is blue, Piccard Maru is green and Fontaine Maru is purple. The correlation for all glidersis shown, as well as the correlations for each glider individually.
Figure 5.
Time-series of turbidity data illustrating the effect of wind speed on readings.
(a) Turbidity, (b) Wind speed, Benjamin 10 March 2012 location was 20.016 °N 155.942 °W; (c) turbidity, (d) Wind speed, Benjamin 31 Dec. 2012 location was 17.947 °S 161.398 °E. The high wind event was Tropical Cyclone Freda. Note the scale change in wind and turbidity between Fig 5a, b and Fig. 5c, d.
Figure 6.
Diel patterns in chlorophyll fluorescence and oil CDOM in the major geographic regions sampled.
Time axes are in UTC. Shaded areas are local nighttime. Vertical lines are local dawn, noon and sunset. Diel patterns in chlorophyll fluorescence (a,c,d) and oil CDOM (b,d,e). Panels (a, b.) Papa Mau off Hawaii (17.056 ° N 157.796 ° W) (c, d). Papa Mau in the Equatorial Pacific (9.466 ° N 168.13 ° W). (e) Benjamin off New Caledonia (17.565 ° S 164.387 ° E).
Figure 7.
(a) Glider track overlaid on TRMM precipitation estimate for 31 Dec. 2012. (b) Barometric pressure. (c) Significant wave height. (d) Average wind speed. (e) Maximum wind speed. (f) Salinity. (g) Chlorophyll a fluorescence. (h) Turbidity.
Figure 8.
Glider tracks overlaid on satellite chlorophyll and salinity for the equatorial crossings.
The glider tracks for Papa Maru and Benjamin are shown overlaid on (a) VIIRS chlorophyll for July 2012 and (b) Aquarius SSS for July 2012. The glider tracks are color coded by the value for glider fluorescence and salinity. The first day of each month is shown as a large white diamond, the fifteenth of the month is shown as a smaller white diamond. Benjamin followed a path along 170°W, while the Papa Mura took a more western route. (c). chl fluorescence (relative units) overlaid on salinity tracks as a function latitude. Longitude is color-coded for the salinity tracks for reference to panel (b). The Papa Mau salinity track is labeled, the Benjamin’s salinity track overlays this until ∼1°S and is not labeled due to space constraints.
Figure 9.
Time-series of Benjamin and Papa Mau data for the Equatorial crossing.
Plots of (a) temperature, (b) salinity and (c) fluorescence for Benjamin and (e) temperature, (f) salinity and (g) fluorescence for Papa Mau against latitude The glider data at full temporal resolution are plotted in gray, the daily averaged values are in black, and the satellite data are colored. TRMM precipitation data is shown in green on the salinity plots. Both MODIS (red) and VIIRS (blue) chlorophyll data are shown on the fluorescence plots.
Figure 10.
Daily maps of precipitation near the Papa Mau tracks south of the equator.
Precipitation maps for (a) July 25, (b) July 30, (c) Aug 1 and (d) Aug 3 with daily positions shown of the Papa Maru glider. The position synoptic with the precipitation is shown as a large red circle.
Figure 11.
Open ocean chlorophyll bloom sampled by the Piccard Maru.
(a) Glider chlorophyll fluorescence from the C3 sensor. Inset: expanded view showing diel cycle of chlorophyll fluorescence throughout the event and stable baseline. (b) 12 hour spiking sum and salinity field during the event. Salinity is color-coded by scale on the left. (c) Bubble plot of 12 hr spiking sum overlaid on MODIS chlorophyll distribution (8-day integration composite centered on 5 Aug. 2012). (d) Bubble plot of 12 hr spiking sum overlaid on sea surface height (30 day composite; 1 Aug 2012) from satellite altimetry.