Figure 1.
Mitochondrial genome of Liposcelis decolor.
Transcriptional orientation is indicated with arrows. Protein-coding genes, ribosomal RNA genes and transfer RNA genes are shown in orange, blue and green respectively. tRNA genes for the two serine and two leucine tRNAs: S1 = AGN, S2 = UCN, L1 = CUN, and L2 = UUR. The non-coding regions larger than 60 bp are indicated in black. CR = putative control region. Arrows and purple curves indicate primers and PCR fragment, respectively. See Table S1 for sequence of PCR primers.
Figure 2.
PCR amplification and verification of mitochondrial DNA of Liposcelis decolor.
Long-PCR amplification of two fragments to verify the single circular mt genome in L. decolor. Lane C1, negative control without the forward primer d1 or d3; lane C2, negative control without the reverse primer d2 or d4; lane C3, negative control without the DNA template. Lane M: 1 kb marker (Biomed). “d1-d2”, the product of PCR with primers d1 and d2, etc. Primer details are given in Table S1.
Figure 3.
Putative secondary structures of the 22 tRNA genes identified in the mitochondrial genome of Liposcelis decolor.
Bars indicate Watson-Crick base pairings, and dots between G and U pairs mark canonical base pairings in RNA.
Figure 4.
Stem-loop secondary structures of two non-coding regions of Liposcelis decolor.
A, Stem-loop secondary structure of the 118 bp non-coding sequence; B, Stem-loop secondary structure of the 69 bp non-coding sequence.
Figure 5.
Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) for protein coding genes of Liposcelis decolor and L. bostrychophila.
Abbreviations of tRNA genes are according to the single letter according to the IPUC-IUB one-letter amino acid codes.
Figure 6.
Arrangement of mitochondrial genes in Liposcelis and the hypothetical ancestor of the arthropods.
Circular genomes have been arbitrarily linearized for ease of comparison. Gene names are the standard abbreviations used in the present study. tRNA genes are designated by the single letter according to the IPUC-IUB one-letter amino acid codes. Genes which are underlined are encoded on the opposite strand to the majority of genes in that particular genome. Black, gray, and white boxes represent putative control regions, pseudogenes, and transfer RNA genes, respectively. The boxes in 15 colors represent 13 protein coding genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. Shared gene-boundaries are labeled with square “brackets” above each genome.
Figure 7.
Phylogeny of the Psocodea inferred with mitochondrial genome sequences.
Numbers above the left branches show Bayesian posterior probability for the phylogenies from nucleotide sequences, the right from amino acid sequences. Only support above 50% is shown. The insects belong to Phthiraptera, Psocoptera, and Diptera are shown in gray, yellow and pink background respectively.