Figure 1.
A: Flow diagram. B: Timeline of events during one fMRI run (total duration 35 min). Every block represents one 4.5-min time bin. At all illustrated time points (t = min) blood was drawn and fullness, desire to eat and anxiety were rated.*During this time bin chocolate milk was infused or ingested, or water was infused.
Figure 2.
Effect of gastric infusion of water and chocolate milk on brain activity compared to baseline.
Left panel: T-map of the increased response to chocolate milk and water infusion versus baseline overlaid onto the mean anatomical scan, thresholded at P<0.05, FWE-corrected for multiple comparison. Right panel: Mean parameter estimates (a.u. ± SEM) within significant clusters for water and chocolate milk infusion.
Table 1.
Effect of gastric infusion on brain activation in healthy normal-weight young men.
Figure 3.
Changes in brain activity after treatment for the three conditions. Left panel: T-map of the increased response to oral chocolate milk stimulation after administration versus baseline overlaid onto the mean anatomical scan, thresholded at P<0.05 (FWE-corrected for multiple comparison).
Right panel: Mean parameter estimates (a.u. ± SEM) over time from selected significant clusters. Area under the curve was greater for the oral condition in all brain areas, and for the control condition in the putamen (all P<0.05).
Table 2.
Effect of treatment with chocolate milk on brain activation in healthy normal- weight young men.
Figure 4.
Correlation between fullness and insulin changes (from baseline) and changes in brain activity in corresponding time bins during the gastric condition (n = 14, 5 time bins per subject, T-maps are thresholded at P<0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons).
Left pane: T-map of selected significant correlations overlaid onto the mean anatomical scan. A: Correlation T-map and scatter plot showing the parameter estimates of the ACC peak voxel at MNI (−6, −16, 30) against fullness changes. B: Correlation T-map and scatter plot showing the parameter estimates of the putamen peak voxel (34, 0, 6) against insulin changes. C: Correlation T-map and scatter plot of the parameter estimates of the insula peak voxel at MNI (−38, 0, 2) plotted against insulin changes.