Figure 1.
Hamelia patens attracts a generalist assemblage of insect species in the study area.
(a) Nectar-robbing assassin bug and ant species, (b) Aphrissa sp. foraging for nectar, (c) Calephelis sp. robbing nectar, (d) Diptera species robbing nectar, (e) Heliconius sp. foraging for nectar, (f-h) Wasp species were observed to systematically visit H. patens floral ovaries after flowers had fallen off, (i) Coleoptera species inside corolla.
Figure 2.
Bees pollinating Hamelia patens.
(a) Trigona fulviventris with collected H. patens pollen (b) Halictidae species emerging from H. patens corolla, covered in pollen (c) Ceratina species, emerging from corolla and covered in pollen (d) Bombus pullatus with collected H. patens pollen.
Table 1.
Moran’s I statistics for testing spatial autocorrelation in response variables.
Figure 3.
Seasonality of floral resources in coffee agroforests.
Hamelia patens blooms (first y-axis) and open, non-coffee flowers (second y-axis). H+ represents agroforests with supplemental H. patens plantings and C represents control agroforests.
Figure 4.
Ordination of the flower-visiting community in coffee agroforests.
Distance-based Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the entire flower-visiting community in coffee agroforests in Costa Rica. H+ represents agroforests with supplemental H. patens plantings and C represents control agroforests. The ordination model included elevation and the presence of H. patens (represented by hameliayes arrow in graph) supplemental patches (P = 0.015).
Table 2.
Total abundance, mean total species richness, species evenness and habitat specificity measures for flower-visiting community in coffee agroforests in Costa Rica.
Figure 5.
Sample-based rarefaction curves of control and treatment coffee agroforests.
Curves compare treatment (H+; supplemental steady-state floral resources) and control (C) coffee agroforests using Mao Tau expected richness in EstimateS. Rarefaction was performed on presence/absence data for hummingbirds (a) and abundance data for butterflies (b) and wasps (c). Curves were rescaled by the number of individuals for butterflies and wasps to compare species richness between agroforest types, and show the mean ± 95% CI. Non-overlapping CI show statistically significant group differences.
Table 3.
Flower-visiting community in coffee agroforests in Costa Rica, comparing agroforests with and without experimentally planted shrubs with a steady-state flowering phenology.
Figure 6.
Habitat specificity of flower-visiting species in control and treatment coffee agroforests.
Expected habitat specificity and 95% CI were obtained from 1000 sample-based randomizations. Observed habitat specificity is an area unweighted index obtained by dividing the number of species in each treatment by the harmonic mean of species abundances. Observed habitat specificity is shown as either significantly higher or lower than expected by chance if the observed value falls on the outer limits of the 95% CI of the null distribution.