Figure 1.
(a) Lens-less SPSM imaging system prototype.
(b) A CMOS image sensor with a microfluidic chamber mounted on the sensor surface for sample loading. (c) A sample slide can be made directly on the image sensor.
Figure 2.
Schematic of the working principle of SPSM color imaging.
(a) While the target objects rest on the surface of the image sensor, we sequentially turn on each LED in the RGB LED array illumination above and take sequences of low-resolution images. (b) Each low-resolution sequence is reconstructed into three monochromatic high-resolution images using the pixel super-resolution algorithm. The red, green, and blue channels are then combined into a single color image.
Figure 3.
Full field-of-view (5.7 mm×4.3 mm) of E. invadens cysts with iodine staining.
The inset shows a part of the reconstructed image.
Figure 4.
SPSM and 20× objective microscope images of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba cysts.
We imaged unstained cysts, iodine-stained, and methylene blue-stained cysts.
Figure 5.
Digitally refocused images of parasite cysts.
Entamoeba (blue), giardia (red), and cryptosporidium (black) can be found in different z-planes.
Table 1.
Results of cell-type identification tests with conventional and SPSM images.