Table 1.
Fatty acid profile of linseed and sunflower oils.
Figure 1.
Fatty acid profile in intestinal contents.
Linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid and PUFA-derived bacterial metabolites in intestinal contents (jejunum content – ileum content – caecum content and colon content) of mice force-fed with linseed oil (rich in n-3 LnA) or sunflower oil (rich in n-6 LA). Results are expressed as a percentage of identified fatty acids. Data are mean ± SEM. Linear mixed-effects model followed by contrasts assessed the statistical difference between both the two oil force-feedings and the different intestinal contents. * superscripts show significant differences (p<0.05) between linseed oil force-feeding and sunflower oil force-feeding in each intestinal content. Different small superscript letters show significant differences (p<0.05) between intestinal contents in linseed oil force-fed mice. Different capital superscript letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) between intestinal contents in sunflower oil force-fed mice. trans-11,cis-15-18:2 was detected in linseed oil force-fed mice only.
Figure 2.
Fatty acid profile in intestinal tissues.
Linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid and PUFA-derived bacterial metabolites in intestinal tissues (jejunum tissue – ileum tissue – caecum tissue and colon tissue) of mice force-fed with linseed oil (rich in n-3 LnA) or sunflower oil (rich in n-6 LA). Results are expressed as a percentage of identified fatty acids. Data are mean ± SEM. Linear mixed-effects model followed by contrasts assessed the statistical difference between both the two oil force-feedings and the different intestinal tissues. * superscripts show significant differences (p<0.05) between linseed oil force-feeding and sunflower oil force-feeding in each intestinal tissue. Different small superscript letters show significant differences (p<0.05) between intestinal tissues in linseed oil force-fed mice. Different capital superscript letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) between intestinal tissues in sunflower oil force-fed mice. trans-11,cis-15-18:2 was detected in linseed oil force-fed mice only.
Figure 3.
Triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured just before the Tyloxapol injection (T-30), just before oil force-feeding (T0), ten minutes (T10), 2 hours (T120) and 4 hours (T240) after oil force-feeding in the plasma of mice force-fed with linseed oil (rich in n-3 LnA) or sunflower oil (rich in n-6 LA). Data are mean ± SEM. Linear mixed-effects model followed by contrasts assessed the statistical difference between both the two oil force-feedings and the blood sample times. Differences between linseed oil force-fed mice and sunflower oil force-fed mice were not significant at any of the blood sample times. Grey small superscript letters show significant differences (p<0.05) between blood sample times in linseed oil force-fed mice. Black major superscript letters show significant differences (p<0.05) between the blood sample times in sunflower oil force-fed mice.
Figure 4.
Fatty acid profile in circulating lipids.
Linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid and PUFA-derived bacterial metabolites in peripheral plasma of mice force-fed with linseed oil (rich in n-3 LnA) or sunflower oil (rich in n-6 LA) at different timing after the force-feeding (10 minutes; 120 minutes and 240 minutes after the force-feeding). Results are expressed as a percentage of identified fatty acids. Data are mean ± SEM. Linear mixed-effects model followed by contrasts assessed the statistical difference between both the two oil force-feedings and the blood sample times. * superscripts show significant differences (p<0.05) between linseed oil force-feeding and sunflower oil force-feeding at each blood sample time. Different small superscript letters show significant differences (p<0.05) between blood sample times in linseed oil force-fed mice. Different capital superscript letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) between blood sample times in sunflower oil force-fed mice. trans-11,cis-15-18:2 was detected in linseed oil force-fed mice only.
Figure 5.
Proposed metabolic pathway of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid by murine gut microbiota.
PUFA-derived bacterial metabolites in bold characters were not described in the previous study [23].