Figure 1.
One-by-one stamen movement in Parnassia palustris.
The first stamen (□) elongates its filament slowly and its anther starts dehiscence after about one day later when the filament reached its maximum length (A). The filament deflexes about one day later and the stamen bends out of the floral center (filament angle ≧45°, indicated by the horizontal dash line); simultaneously the second stamen (▪) begins its filament elongation (B). Similarly, the third (○), fourth (•), and fifth (◊) stamens start their filament elongation only after the former stamen has moved out of the floral center (C, D, E). The number next to each stamen in (E) indicates the movement sequence (note that the dehisced anthers always abscise during the movement process). Shaded areas indicate night-time.
Table 1.
Patterns of one-by-one stamen movement (min) in Parnassia palustris flowers.
Figure 2.
Breeding system of Parnassia palustris.
Different letters above the bars indicate statistically significant difference at P<0.05 (one-way ANOVA, N = 20). Open, open-pollination; Bagged, bagged without any treatment; Selfed, hand self-pollination (hand-pollinated by the self pollen from the last-dehisced anther); Outcrossed, hand cross-pollination.
Figure 3.
Visitation rate and duration of floral visitors to natural and manipulated flowers in two years.
Data are Mean ± SE (“*” P<0.025; “**” P<0.005; one-way ANOVA). The inserted picture shows the most common pollinator, a hoverfly, visiting a manipulated flower.
Table 2.
Multivariate analysis of variation of the effects of pollinators, floral manipulation treatments and years on pollinator visitation rate and duration.
Figure 4.
Pollination consequences of stamen movement manipulations in two different years.
Data are Mean ± SE (“*” P<0.05; “**” P<0.001. Student's t-test for pollen removal and one-way ANOVA for contact frequency). Numbers in brackets indicate sample size.