Figure 1.
Identification of nine alkaloids.
(A) Core stucture and list of corresponding substituents of nine alkaloids. (B) Total ion chromatography of FZE. (C) m/z of nine alkaloids fragmentation ions.
Figure 2.
Effects of two weeks treatment of FZE on diabetic rats.
(A–B) Effects of FZE on body weight and blood glucose level. Data are expressed as median (n = 6). *: P<0.001, diabetic vs control. (C–D) Effects of FZE on motor nerve conduction velocity and paw withdrawal latency. Data are shown as mean±S.D. (n = 6). **: P<0.01, diabetic vs control. #: P<0.05, ##: P<0.01, compared with diabetic.
Figure 3.
(A) Effects of FZE on peroxide and superoxide anion levels. RSC96 cells were stained of DCFH2DA and DHE, a fluorescent marker for the peroxide and superoxide anion. (B)Data analysis. Data were represented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3–4). **: P<0.01, HG vs NG, ##: P<0.01, compared to HG. NG (Normal glucose), NG+M (Normal glucose+mannitol), HG (high glucose), HG+FZE (High glucose+Fuzi extract). The ratio is defined as percentage of NG group (being as 100%).
Figure 4.
Effects of FZE on level of MMP in RSC96 cells.
Cells were stained of Rh123, a fluorescent marker for MMP. Data were represented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3). **: P<0.01, HG vs NG; #: P<0.05, compared to HG. NG (Normal glucose), NG+M (Normal glucose+mannitol), HG (high glucose), HG+FZE (High glucose+Fuzi extract). The ratio is defined as percentage of NG (being as 100%).
Figure 5.
Effects of FZE on apoptotic ratio and apoptotic factors in RSC96 cells.
(A) Effects of FZE on apoptotic ratio. Apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry with annexin v-PE/7-AAD staining. (B–C) Effects of FZE on Bcl2 and Bax levels. The Bcl2 and Bax were examined using immunofluorescence and FITC labeled secondary antibody was used. Nucleus was label by DAPI. (D–E) Effects of FZE on translocation of CytoC andthe levels of caspase9 and caspase3. The mitochondria were labeled by Mito tracker; the levels of CytoC, caspase9 and caspase3 were examined using immunofluorescence and FITC labeled secondary antibody was used. Nucleus was label by DAPI. Data were represented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3–4). *: P<0.05, **: P<0.01, HG vs NG; #: P<0.05, ##: P<0.01, compared to HG. NG (Normal glucose), NG+M (Normal glucose+mannitol), HG (high glucose), HG+FZE (High glucose+Fuzi extract). The ratio is defined as percentage of NG (being as 100%).