Figure 1.
The characteristics of partial seizures on intracranial electrode EEG.
(A) The localized original site (arrow); (B) The relatively high voltage of epileptiform discharge; (C) The relatively long propagation time. The spreading time of the discharge from point “a” to point “b” (arrows) was about 9 seconds.
Figure 2.
The position of drug injection and electrodes implantation.
(A) and (C): Red, KA injection site, and the tip of the recording electrode for the CA3 region of the right hippocampus; Green, the tip of the conduction electrode; and Blue, the end of the conduction electrode, a silver plate. (B) and (C): Red, penicillin injection site; Yellow, the head end of conduction electrode; and Blue, the tail end of conduction electrode. (D) Diagram of the placement of implanted recording electrodes. The EEG signals were recorded from F4, T4, and T3 electrodes in KA rats, and Fp1, F3 and C3 electrodes in penicillin rats against the reference electrode A1 (adapted from Paxinos & Watson, 1997 [19]).
Figure 3.
Characterization of electrographic seizure EEG patterns of rats.
(A) Normal electrical activity before drug injection; (B) Sporadic interictal sharp wave observed at 4 min after drug injection; (C) Focal EEG seizure with ictal epileptic discharge limited on T4 electrode; and (D) Spreading EEG seizure with ictal epileptic discharge on T4, and T3 or F4 electrode.
Figure 4.
Effect of current shunt on seizures.
(A)The average number of total EEG and spreading EEG seizures in the conduction group was significantly lower than that in the KA and sham conduction groups. A 36.7% reduction of total EEG seizures and a 54.1% reduction of spreading EEG seizures were observed in the conduction group compared with sham conduction group. (B) The average duration of EEG seizures in the conduction group (26.13±7.81 s) was significantly lower than that in the KA (32.88±7.16 s) and sham conduction groups (34.17±7.25 s). (C) The average number of total EEG and spreading EEG seizures in the conduction group was significantly lower than that in the penicillin and sham conduction groups. A 61% reduction of total EEG seizures and a 75% reduction of spreading EEG seizures were observed in the conduction group compared with the sham conduction group. (D) The average duration of the EEG seizures in the conduction group (6.29±2.64 s) was significantly lower than that in the penicillin (10.92±3.59 s) and sham conduction groups (12.07±3.81 s). The values are expressed as the means ± standard deviation. **p<0.01, ##p<0.01, conduction group versus the KA and sham conduction groups, respectively. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test.
Table 1.
Frequency of behavioral seizures in TLE model (mean ± SD).
Table 2.
Frequency of behavioral seizures in neocortical epilepsy model (mean ± SD).