Figure 1.
Distribution of sampled species in a section level modified Ficus tree by Cruaud et al. (2012).
Number of sampled species in this study from each section and total species number of each subgenus were labelled.
Figure 2.
Pollen shape (a–c) and exine ornamentation types (d–f) of figs under a scanning electron microscope.
(a) ellipsoid, Ficus maclellandii; (b) cylinder, F. ischnopda; (c) sphere, F. langkokensis, (d) psilate, F. hispida; (e) rugulate, F. annulata; (f) granulate-rugulate, F. callosa, the arrow indicate granule.
Figure 3.
Bayesian tree of 25 fig species with pollination mode and pollen traits of figs.
Posterior probability values are listed above the branches. Pollination mode (Square, black = passive pollination, white = active pollination); Pollen shape (Circle, black = cylinder, grey = sphere, white = ellipsoid) and (C) Pollen exine ornamentation (Triangle, black = psilate, grey = granulate-rugulate, white = rugulate). Two pollination modes, three pollen shapes and three kinds of exine ornamentation all appear to be examples of convergent evolution. Psilate and granulate-rugulate ornamentation only occur in active pollinated figs, while all cylinder and sphere pollens belong to passive pollinated figs.
Table 1.
Allocation of pollen shape and exine ornamentation types between two pollination modes.
Table 2.
Analysis results of continual pollen traits with phylogenetic free regression.
Table 3.
BayesDiscrete test results between binary pollen traits, pollination mode and sex system using the BayesTratis program for 25 Ficus species.