Figure 1.
Flow chart (CONSORT).
Figure 2.
Randomization of the interventions according to a Latin Square design.
Blue: Unpleasant ambiance +3 glasses of sparkling white wine Green: Pleasant ambiance +3 glasses of sparkling white wine Red: Unpleasant ambiance +3 glasses of alcohol-free sparkling white wine White: Pleasant ambiance +3 glasses of alcohol-free sparkling white wine.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants (n = 28).
Figure 3.
Influence of ambiance and alcohol on POMS happiness scores (A) and B-BAES stimulation scores (B).
−○− Pleasant, alcohol-free; −•− Pleasant, alcohol; −Δ− Unpleasant, alcohol-free; −▴− Unpleasant, alcohol; - - start alcohol consumption (t = 0). (A) Happiness scores were higher 20 min and 50 min after alcohol consumption compared to no alcohol consumption (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). Happiness scores were lower in the unpleasant ambiance without alcohol than in the pleasant and unpleasant ambiance with alcohol (P<0.001) and in the pleasant ambiance without alcohol (P<0.05). (B) Stimulation scores were decreased from 20 min until 50 min after alcohol consumption, which did not occur after consumption of alcohol-free drinks (P<0.05 vs. P = 1.0). Stimulation scores tended to be higher in the pleasant ambiance without alcohol than in the unpleasant ambiance without alcohol (P = 0.08).
Figure 4.
Influence of ambiance and alcohol on B-BAES sedation scores.
−○− Pleasant, alcohol-free; −•− Pleasant, alcohol; −Δ− Unpleasant, alcohol-free; −▴− Unpleasant, alcohol; - - start alcohol consumption (t = 0). Sedation scores were higher after alcohol consumption compared to no alcohol consumption at 20 min, 50 min, 110 min (all P<0.001) and 140 min (P<0.01) after consumption . Sedation scores tended to be higher in the unpleasant ambiance (P = 0.05).
Figure 5.
Influence of ambiance and alcohol on skin conductance.
−○− Pleasant, alcohol-free; −•− Pleasant, alcohol; −Δ− Unpleasant, alcohol-free; −▴− Unpleasant, alcohol; - - start alcohol consumption (t = 0). Skin conductance was higher 25 min after alcohol consumption compared to no alcohol consumption (P<0.001). Skin conductance decreased more from 25 min until 155 in the pleasant ambiance than in the unpleasant ambiance (P = 0.042). The values shown at time point −5, 25, 55 and 115 are averages of the mean skin conductance levels measured during three succeeding 2 min time frames.
Figure 6.
Influence of alcohol on HF power (A), LF:HF ratio (B) and heart rate (C).
−○− Alcohol-free; −•− Alcohol; - - start alcohol consumption (t = 0). (A) HF power was lower after alcohol consumption compared to no alcohol consumption (at 25 min and 115 min P<0.001, at 55 min P<0.01). (B) LF:HF ratio was higher after alcohol consumption (P<0.001). (C) Heart rate was higher 25 min and 115 min after alcohol consumption compared to no alcohol consumption (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). The heart rate values shown at time point −5, 25, 55 and 115 are averages of the mean heart rates measured during three succeeding 2 min time frames.
Table 2.
Correlations between autonomic nervous system parameters and subjective feelings (n = 28)1.