Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data of TLE-HS and TLE-NL patients.
Figure 1.
Gray matter atrophy in TLE-HS and TLE-NL.
VBM demonstrated significant areas of diffuse gray matter volume loss in TLE-HS and TLE-NL. A1 and A2 (“glass view”) show the areas of gray matter atrophy in TLE-HS (two-sample T-test, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels); B1 and B2 (“glass view”) show the areas of gray matter atrophy in TLE-NL (two-sample T-test, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels). TLE-HS: temporal lobe epilepsy with MRI signs of hippocampal sclerosis; TLE-NL: temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI; VBM: voxel based morphometry; T: t-value; L: left; R: right.
Figure 2.
Common areas of gray matter atrophy in TLE-HS and TLE-NL.
The slices demonstrate the common brain areas with gray matter atrophy in TLE-HS and TLE-NL. TLE-HS results are shown with a more stringent statistical significance in order to facilitate the comparison. A1 (“glass view”) and A2 show the areas of gray matter atrophy in TLE-HS (two-sample T-test, p<0.05, FWE corrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels); B1 (“glass view”) and B2 show the areas of gray matter atrophy in TLE-NL (two-sample T-test, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels). TLE-HS: temporal lobe epilepsy with MRI signs of hippocampal sclerosis; TLE-NL: temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI; VBM: voxel based morphometry; T: t-value; L: left; R: right.
Figure 3.
Gray matter volume increase in TLE-HS and TLE-NL.
VBM demonstrated areas of gray matter increase in TLE-HS and TLE-NL. A: shows the areas of gray matter volume increase in TLE-HS (two-sample T-test, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels); B: shows the areas of gray matter volume increase in TLE-NL (two-sample T-test, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels). TLE-HS: temporal lobe epilepsy with MRI signs of hippocampal sclerosis; TLE-NL: temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI; VBM: voxel based morphometry; T: t-value; L: left; R: right.
Figure 4.
Patterns of gray matter atrophy according to seizure frequency in TLE-HS and TLE-NL.
VBM demonstrated significant areas of diffuse gray matter atrophy in TLE-HS patients with infrequent and frequent seizures but only in TLE-NL with frequent seizures. A: areas of gray matter atrophy in TLE-HS with infrequent seizures (two-sample T-test, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels); B: areas of gray matter atrophy in TLE-HS with frequent seizures (two-sample T-test, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels); C: areas of gray matter atrophy in TLE-NL with frequent seizures (two-sample T-test, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels). TLE-HS: temporal lobe epilepsy with MRI signs of hippocampal sclerosis; TLE-NL: temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI; VBM: voxel based morphometry; T: t-value; L: left; R: right.
Figure 5.
Areas of gray matter atrophy associated with epilepsy duration in TLE-HS and TLE-NL.
Both groups of patients had areas of GM atrophy associated with epilepsy duration. In TLE-HS, the duration of epilepsy was correlated with GM atrophy, mainly in the bilateral anterior and lateral temporal lobes (A), while in TLE-NL it was more pronounced in bilateral precentral areas and contralateral insula (B) (Multiple regression, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels). TLE-HS: temporal lobe epilepsy with MRI signs of hippocampal sclerosis; TLE-NL: temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI; T: t-value; L: left; R: right.