Figure 1.
Comparison of lethality and growth in nematodes exposed to different concentrations of clenbuterol or ractopamine.
Exposures were performed from the young adult for 24-hr (acute exposure) or from L1-larvae to adult (prolonged exposure). Fifty nematodes were examined per treatment for lethality assay, and twenty nematodes were examined per treatment for growth assay. Bars represent mean ± S.E.M. **P<0.01.
Figure 2.
Comparison of brood size and locomotion behavior in nematodes exposed to different concentrations of clenbuterol or ractopamine.
Locomotion behavior of nematodes was evaluated by endpoints of head thrash and body bend. Exposures were performed from the young adult for 24-hr (acute exposure) or from L1-larvae to adult (prolonged exposure). Twenty nematodes were examined per treatment for brood size assay, and fifty nematodes were examined per treatment for locomotion behavior assay. Bars represent mean ± S.E.M. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.
Figure 3.
Comparison of intestinal autofluorescence (A) and ROS production (B) in nematodes exposed to clenbuterol or ractopamine.
Exposures were performed from the young adult for 24-hr (acute exposure) or from L1-larvae to adult (prolonged exposure). Twenty nematodes were examined per treatment. Bars represent mean ± S.E.M. **P<0.01.
Figure 4.
Comparison of lifespan in nematodes exposed to clenbuterol or ractopamine.
(A and C) Lifespan curves of nematodes exposed to clenbuterol or ractopamine. (B and D) Comparison of mean lifespans in nematodes exposed to clenbuterol or ractopamine. Exposures were performed from the young adult for 24-hr (acute exposure) or from L1-larvae to adult (prolonged exposure). Thirty nematodes were examined per treatment. Bars represent mean ± S.E.M. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.
Figure 5.
Effects of overexpression of sod-2 gene on toxicity from clentuberol or ractopamine in C. elegans.
(A) Effects of overexpression of sod-2 gene on growth in clentuberol or ractopamine exposed nematodes. Twenty nematodes were examined per treatment. (B) Effects of overexpression of sod-2 gene on brood size in clentuberol or ractopamine exposed nematodes. Twenty nematodes were examined per treatment. (C) Effects of overexpression of sod-2 gene on locomotion behavior in clentuberol or ractopamine exposed nematodes. Fifty nematodes were examined per treatment. (D) Effects of overexpression of sod-2 gene on intestinal autofluorescence in clentuberol or ractopamine exposed nematodes. Twenty nematodes were examined per treatment. (E) Effects of overexpression of sod-2 gene on intestinal ROS production in clentuberol or ractopamine exposed nematodes. Twenty nematodes were examined per treatment. (F) Effects of overexpression of sod-2 gene on lifespan in clentuberol or ractopamine exposed nematodes. Thirty nematodes were examined per treatment. Exposures were performed from L1-larvae to adult (prolonged exposure) at the concentration of 10 µg/L. Bars represent mean ± S.E.M. **P<0.01.
Figure 6.
Effects of clenbuterol or ractopamine exposure on expression patterns of genes required for aging control.
(A) Effects of clenbuterol or ractopamine exposure on expression patterns of genes in insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway. (B) Effects of clenbuterol or ractopamine exposure on expression patterns of genes in TOR signaling pathway. (C) Effects of clenbuterol or ractopamine exposure on expression patterns of genes in germline signaling pathway. Exposures were performed from L1-larvae to adult (prolonged exposure) at the concentration of 10 µg/L. Bars represent mean ± S.E.M. **P<0.01.
Figure 7.
Lifespans in wild-type and mutants exposed to clenbuterol or ractopamine.
Exposures were performed from L1-larvae to adult (prolonged exposure) at the concentration of 10 µg/L. Thirty nematodes were examined per treatment. clen, clenbuterol; rac, ractopamine. Bars represent mean ± S.E.M. **P<0.01.