Figure 1.
The structure of HSA. Superposition of the Cys34 and the location of two major ligand binding sites, Site I and II are shown.
Table 1.
General characteristics of the study participants.
Figure 2.
Deconvoluted ESI-TOFMS spectra of HSA.
(A) Spectrum of HSA from healthy subject. (B) Spectrum of HSA from patient with chronic liver disease. (C) Spectrum of HSA from the same patient that (B) after DTT treatment. The peaks correspond to the following: (a) Asp-Ala truncation from N-terminal of HSA, (b) Leu truncation from C-terminal of HSA, (c) reduced HSA, (d) Cys-Cys34-HSA, (e) glycated HSA and (f) glycated Cys-Cys34-HSA.
Figure 3.
Relationship between the Cys-Cys34-HSA fraction (ESI-TOFMS) and the degree of oxidized Cys34-HSA (HPLC).
The measured samples were 229 patients with chronic disease (including 139 patients with liver disease (circle), 38 patients with kidney disease (square) and 52 patients with diabetes mellitus (triangle)) (R2 = 0.9025, P<0.001).
Figure 4.
Effect of disease progression on the Cys-Cys34-HSA fraction in chronic liver disease patients.
The Cys-Cys34-HSA fraction was measured by ESI-TOFMS. Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 9–79). *P<0.05 as compared with healthy subjects, #P<0.05 as compared with Child-Pugh Grade A, and §P<0.05 as compared with Child-Pugh Grade B.
Figure 5.
Change in the Cys-Cys34-HSA fraction and oxidative stress marker, AOPP, by BCAA treatment.
(A) Change in the Cys-Cys34-HSA fraction. The Cys-Cys34-HSA fraction was measured by ESI-TOFMS. (B) Change in plasma AOPP level. (C) Correlation between the Cys-Cys34-HSA fraction and plasma AOPP level in chronic liver disease (n = 69). Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 20). *P<0.01 as compared with healthy subjects, #P<0.05 as compared with before treatment.
Figure 6.
Relationship between the Cys-Cys34-HSA fraction and the ligand unbound fraction in chronic liver disease patients.
Effect of disease progression on the unbound fraction of warfarin (A), bilirubin (B), diazepam (C) and L-tryptophan (D) to purified HSA. Effect of BCAA treatment on the unbound fraction of warfarin (E), bilirubin (F), diazepam (G) and L-tryptophan (H) to purified HSA. Correlation between the Cys-Cys34-HSA fraction and the unbound fraction of warfarin (I), bilirubin (J), diazepam (K) and L-tryptophan (L) to purified HSA in chronic liver disease. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. *P<0.01 as compared with healthy subjects, #P<0.05 as compared with before treatment.