Table 1.
Updated list of classical biological control agents released against weeds, since Julien and Griffiths [35].
Table 2.
Proposed scale for retrospectively assessing the magnitude of adverse environmental effects from biological control introductions.
Figure 1.
Modified PRISMA flow chart used in the systematic review process [39] for non-target impacts from classical biological control of weeds.
Figure 2.
Number of biological control agents causing adverse impacts on non-target plant taxa, by magnitude.
Table 3.
Examples of each magnitude of non-target impact on plants from weed classical biological control agents.
Figure 3.
Number of plant taxa with non-target impacts from weed biological control agents, by magnitude.
Figure 4.
Number and phylogenetic proximity of non-target plant taxa known to be affected by weed biological control agents (minimal-massive).
Figure 5.
Year of deliberate introduction of arthropods used as weed biological control agents, sorted by magnitude of non-target impact on plant taxa.
Table 4.
Plant taxa with any non-target impact recorded from classical biological control agents of weeds, sorted by family.
Table 5.
Assessment of potential magnitude of indirect adverse ecological effects from biological control agents (including target weed removal).
Figure 6.
Impact analysis from biological control agents for weeds, with direct adverse impacts observed on non-target plants, and consideration of beneficial effects (*[13]).