Figure 1.
Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis calling.
Dorsolateral (a) and frontal (b) views of a calling male that was removed from under the soil at the entrance of the tunnel from which it had been calling. The male was induced to call above ground after brief exposure to a female.
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for various environmental, phenotypic, and physical properties.
Figure 2.
Advertisement calls of a male Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis.
(a) 30-s segment of continuous, spontaneous calling by a single male. (b) 5-s segment showing the three consecutive call groups underlined in (a). (c) 0.5-s segment showing the three calls of the call group underlined in (b). (d) 0.1 s segment showing the call underlined in (c). (e) Spectrogram of the call illustrated in (d); Inset: power spectrum averaged over the duration of the call depicted in (d). The entire 30-s segment depicted in this figure is included as an audio file in the Supporting Information for this article (Audio S1).
Table 2.
Descriptions of the acoustic properties measured for call groups, calls, and pulses.
Table 3.
Descriptive statistics for call groups, calls, and pulses, including means (X¯), standard deviations (SDs), ranges, and coefficients of variation.
Table 4.
Results of Spearman rank correlations between acoustic properties and temperature, body size, and condition (N = 10).
Figure 3.
Vocal interaction in Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis.
Shown are two 23-s segments of a vocal interaction that occurred between two males (A and B) while held in close proximity in captivity. The letter above each series of calls corresponds to the male that produced the call. In instances of call overlap, the first letter indicates the male that called first and was subsequently overlapped by the male indicated by the second letter. Times correspond to the time between the onset of the overlapped male's call and the onset of the subsequent overlapping call. Inset: Shown here are details of the two shaded regions with the calls of male A and male B illustrated in different colors. The first and second 23-s segments of this interaction are included as audio files in the Supporting Information for this article (Audio S2 and Audio S3, respectively).
Figure 4.
Comparison of vocalizations in Nasikabatrachidae and Sooglossidae.
Shown here are spectrograms depicting (top) three call groups from Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis; (middle) one call of Sooglossus thomasetti; and (bottom) one call each from Sooglossus sechellensis, Sechellophryne gardineri, and Sechellophryne pipilodryas. The calls of Sooglossus thomasetti and Sooglossus sechellensis reprinted from [48] under a CC BY license, with permission from the Journal of Herpetology, original copyright [1982, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles]. The calls of Sechellophryne gardineri and Sechellophryne pipilodryas were provided courtesy Dr. Justin Gerlach.