Table 1.
List and definition of gestures and body signals used in multi-modal sequences with contest hoots.
Table 2.
Individual frequency of contest hoots in the challenge and play contexts for each signaller of group 1 and 2.
Figure 1.
Representative spectrographic illustration of a contest hoot performed by Fizi.
The acoustic structure is composed of A: introductory phase, B: escalation phase with N = 14 stereotyped units and C: let-down phase.
Figure 2.
Percentage of strong reactions elicited by uni- and multi-modal contest hoots.
Black bars: alpha male (α) signallers, grey bars: other male signallers. NS: non-significant, *P<0.05.
Figure 3.
Percentage of contest hoots given by male signallers towards recipients of different relative social rank.
Signaller's rank are represented as alpha (α), high and intermediate. Recipients' ranks were calculated relative to the signaller (higher ranking females and males, equal and lower ranking males and females).
Figure 4.
Mean percentage of strong reactions elicited from preferred and all other targets for each signaller.
Only seven males participated to the data set, the 3 others elicited no or too few strong reactions.
Figure 5.
Spectrographic illustrations of contest hoot calls produced during the challenge (1) and play (2) contexts.
Calls were produced by three subadult males; A: Api; B: Dilolo; C: Lomami.
Figure 6.
Frequency of production of rough and soft signals in multi-modal sequences with contest hoots.
Light grey bars: expected values; black bars: observed values in the challenge context; dark grey: observed values in the play context. ***P<0.001