Table 1.
Leaf traits examined in this study.
Table 2.
Differences in 16 leaf traits between terrestrial and epiphytic ferns.
Figure 1.
Phylogeny with labeled nodes used for comparative analysis of trait variation among 30 fern species along with trait values (mean ± 1 SE) for maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax; a), vein density (Dvein; b), stomatal density (SD; c), and stomatal length (SL; d).
Table 3.
Phylogenetic signals (K-statistics) for 14 leaf functional traits from 30 fern species.
Figure 2.
Pearson correlations (a–c) and phylogenetically independent contrast correlations (d–f) of maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) with vein density (Dvein), stomatal density (SD), and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) across 30 fern species.
Figure 3.
Pearson correlations (a–b) and phylogenetically independent contrast correlations (c–d) of maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) with stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water content (LWC) across 30 fern species.
Figure 4.
Pearson correlations (a–c) and phylogenetically independent contrast correlations (d–f) of stomatal density (SD) with stomatal conductance (gs), vein density (Dvein) and cuticle thickness (CT) across 30 fern species.
Figure 5.
Pearson correlations (a–d) and phylogenetically independent contrast correlations (e–h) of leaf water content (LWC) with cuticle thickness (CT), lower epidermal thickness (LET), leaf thickness (LT), and mesophyll thickness (MT) across 30 fern species.