Figure 1.
Process flow of genomic signature identification and chronological analysis.
Table 1.
Number of influenza A sequences in study (1902–2013).
Table 2.
An example of the ARI for host-restricted sites.
Table 3.
Count of host-specific genomic signatures in each internal protein.
Table 4.
Avian-human genomic signatures and their amino acid residues.
Table 5.
Swine-human genomic signatures and their amino acid residues.
Table 6.
Comparison of avian-human genomic signatures.
Table 7.
Comparison of swine-human genomic signatures.
Figure 2.
Genomic signatures in PB2: (a) avian vs. human (b) swine vs. human.
Green circles denote the signatures in the PB2 sequence, with their positions shown on the bottom line. The dominant amino acid residues of the signatures are placed above (A to A or S to S) and under (H to H) the circles. The color lines indicate the functional or structural domains mapped by the signatures.
Figure 3.
Genomic signatures in PB1: (a) avian vs. human (b) swine vs. human.
Green circles denote the signatures in the PB1 sequence, with their positions shown on the bottom line. The dominant amino acid residues of the signatures are placed above (A to A or S to S) and under (H to H) the circles. The color lines indicate the functional, structural, or epitopic domains mapped by the signatures.
Figure 4.
Genomic signatures in PA: (a) avian vs. human (b) swine vs. human.
Green circles denote the signatures in the PA sequence, with their positions shown on the bottom line. The dominant amino acid residues of the signatures are placed above (A to A or S to S) and under (H to H) the circles. The color lines indicate the functional or structural domains mapped by the signatures.
Figure 5.
Genomic signatures in NP: (a) avian vs. human (b) swine vs. human.
Green circles denote the signatures in the NP sequence, with their positions shown on the bottom line. The dominant amino acid residues of the signatures are placed above (A to A or S to S) and under (H to H) the circles. The color lines indicate the functional or structural domains mapped by the signatures.
Figure 6.
Genomic signatures in M1: (a) avian vs. human (b) swine vs. human.
Green circles denote the signatures in the M1 sequence, with their positions shown on the bottom line. The dominant amino acid residues of the signatures are placed above (A to A or S to S) and under (H to H) the circles. The color lines indicate the functional or structural domains mapped by the signatures.
Figure 7.
Genomic signatures in M2: (a) avian vs. human (b) swine vs. human.
Green circles denote the signatures in the M2 sequence, with their positions shown on the bottom line. The dominant amino acid residues of the signatures are placed above (A to A or S to S) and under (H to H) the circles. The color lines indicate the functional, structural, or epitopic domains mapped by the signatures.
Figure 8.
Genomic signatures in NS1: (a) avian vs. human (b) swine vs. human.
Green circles denote the signatures in the NS1 sequence, with their positions shown on the bottom line. The dominant amino acid residues of the signatures are placed above (A to A or S to S) and under (H to H) the circles. The color lines indicate the functional, structural, or epitopic domains mapped by the signatures.
Figure 9.
Genomic signatures in NS2: (a) avian vs. human (b) swine vs. human.
Green circles denote the signatures in the NS2 sequence, with their positions shown on the bottom line. The dominant amino acid residues of the signatures are placed above (A to A or S to S) and under (H to H) the circles. The color lines indicate the functional, structural, or epitopic domains mapped by the signatures.
Figure 10.
Genomic signatures in PB1-F2: (a) avian vs. human (b) swine vs. human.
Green circles denote the signatures in the PB1-F2 sequence, with their positions shown on the bottom line. The dominant amino acid residues of the signatures are placed above (A to A or S to S) and under (H to H) the circles. The color lines indicate the functional or structural domains mapped by the signatures.
Table 8.
Numbers of host-specific chronological genomic signatures in 6 periods.