Figure 1.
Chemical structures of hopanoid lipids used in this study.
Structures of the two hopene isomers (A) and bacteriohopanetetrol (B) that were isotopically labeled with 2H, purified, and imaged in this study.
Figure 2.
(A) Cell cycle of the budding mode of cell division displayed by R. palustris in which motile swarmer cells (S) lose their flagellum and develop into tubed mother cells (M) that give rise to new swarmer cells. (B–E) A pulse of 13C labeled acetate added 30 min prior to the fixation of the cells allows for the visualization of the R. palustris cell cycle. Quantitative raster ion images of 12C− (B) and 13C− (C) were used to calculate the δ13C image (D) that indicates the presence of 13C enrichment at one pole of the cells as indicated by the white arrow. (E) A bacterial flagellum is visible, indicated by the red arrow, within an early raster frame in the 12C− ion image confirming that the 13C is preferentially associated with the growing bud. Scale bars are 2 µm. Images shown are representative of 3 fields of view and 3 independent biological experiments.
Figure 3.
Detection of exogenously added 2H-labeled BHT in R. palustris.
NanoSIMS images showing the count rates of 1H− (A) and 2H− (B) ions. Note that the 2H abundance is patchy within cells. (C) A non-quantitative overlay showing 2H− on top of 12C− counts to mark cells. δ2H values for regions of interest encompassing two different cells marked by arrows. Cells were defined by contiguous regions generating a 12C− count rate greater than 300 cts s−1 (shown as bright in the green image) and had a bulk δ2H of 638±10, indicating the broad incorporation of labeled hopanoids. The reported error reflects the standard error of total ion counts within each of the indicated cells. Images shown are representative of 20 fields of view and 3 independent biological experiments. All scale bars are 5 µm.
Figure 4.
Depth profiles of R. palustris cells using NanoSIMS.
(A) Conceptual illustration of NanoSIMS analysis of a cell. As the beam is rastered over the surface of the sample in many cycles, more material is removed from the sample surface and thus time (i.e. cycle number) relates to depth. (B) A stack of ion images binned by cycle number shows how cells are degraded over time by the ion beam. Quantitative images of 12C− (C), 2H− frames 5 to 10 (D), and 2H− frames 30–35 (E) are shown to illustrate changes that occur in the 2H−-labeling patterns as the primary beam burns through the cells. (F) A depth profile of the cell indicated by the white arrow in panel C provides a quantitative example of a cell initially appearing unlabeled but becoming positive for the label as the opposite side of the cell is sampled. All scale bars are 2 µm. Error bars reflect the standard error of the total number of ions. Images shown are representative of 5 fields of view and 3 independent biological experiments.
Figure 5.
Analysis of BHT localization in N. punctiforme cells.
NanoSIMS images of 1H− (A) and 2H− (B) ion count rate and a non-quantitative overlay (C) of the raster images depicting their relative localizations with 1H− ions shown in green and 2H− ions shown in red. The thin white circles in C denote the regions of interest (numbered 1–8) selected for the pooled analysis of data in panel D. The white arrow indicates that region of interest 4 is within region of interest 2. (D) Plot depicting the δ13C and δ2H values for the regions of interest (numbered blue circles) and all image pixels containing greater than 100 cts s−1 1H− ions, which encompasses all biomass in the image (blue square). Additional regions of interest points shown as are data taken from other ion images (unnumbered blue circles). The line is an ordinary least squares regression of interest shown in C. (E) A white dashed line indicates the region enlarged in panel F. (F) The white dashed line indicates a region of interest along a filament for the isotopic profile shown in G. (G) δ2H values along the filament highlight a periodicity with labeled BHT concentrated at the junctions between cells. All scale bars are 5 µm. Error bars in (G) reflect the standard error of the total number of ions. Images shown are representative of 5 fields of view and 3 independent biological experiments.
Figure 6.
Analysis of hopene localization in N. punctiforme cells.
(A) Phase contrast and (B) fluorescence images indicating the presence of a jettisoned akinete envelope (i), a heterocyst (ii), and vegetative cells (iii). NanoSIMS images of 1H− (C) and 2H− (D) ion count rates and a non-quantitative overlay of the two ions depicting their relative localizations (E) with 1H− ions shown in green and 2H− ions shown in red. Note the substantial concentrations of labeled BHT within the akinete envelope. (F) δ13C and δ2H values for the regions of interest denoted by solid white lines in E (numbered blue circles) and all image pixels containing greater than 100 1H− ions (blue square). The dashed white lines in E depict the region selected for the isotopic profile shown in (G). A plot of δ2H values along the filament indicates the BHT label is localized near cell junctions. All scale bars are 5 µm. Error bars reflect the standard error of the total number of ions in the selected region. Images are representative of 5 fields of view and 3 independent biological experiments.