Figure 1.
Concentration and distribution of nesfatin-1 in plasma, PVN, SON and gastric mucosa.
(A) Concentrations of plasma nesfatin-1 2h after i.v. nesfatin-1 or NS injection. Nesfatin-1 expression in (B) PVN, (D) SON and (F) gastric mucosa in HFDN control mice. Nesfatin-1 expression in (C) PVN, (E) SON and (G) gastric mucosa in T2DM mice. The intensity of nesfatin-1 positive neurons in (H) PVN and (I) SON.The arrow points to nesfatin-1 positive cells. Scale bar in B, D and F = 200 µm for B-C, D-E, F-G respectively. Data were presented as means± S.E.M. *p<0.05, **p<0.01(compared with HFDN group), ##p<0.01(compared with DMN group).
Figure 2.
Effects of nesfatin-1 on blood glucose, plasma insulin and IR coefficient.
(A) The blood glucose changes pre- and post -i.v. injection. (B) The plasma insulin levels. (C) The insulin-resistance coefficient. HOMA IR = fasting plasma insulin (µU/ml)×fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)/22.5. All data were expressed as the mean ± S.E.M of 4–8 mice/group. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 (compared with the HFDN group). #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 (compared with DMN group), +p<0.05 (compared with DML group)
Figure 3.
Effects of nesfatin-1 on cumulative food intake, body weight changes and FFA levels.
(A) Cumulative food intake levels of 0–1h, 0–2h, 0–24h. (B) The body weight changes pre- and post- the 6-day long i.v. injection. (C) The plasma FFA levels after 6-day i.v. injection of nesfatin-1 or NS. All data were expressed as the mean ± S.E.M of 4–8 mice/group. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 (compared with the HFDN group) #p<0.05, ##p<0.01(compared with DMN group)
Figure 4.
Nesfatin-1 effects on the activation of AMPK and ACC in skeletal muscle.
P-AMPK relative to t-AMPK in (A) red gastroenemius, (C) soleus and (E) white gastroenemius. P-ACC relative to total t-ACC in (B) red gastroenemius (D) soleus and (F) white gastroenemius. All data were expressed as the mean ± S.E.M of 4–8 mice/group. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 (compared with the HFDN group) #p<0.05 (compared with the DMN group)
Figure 5.
Effect of nesfatin-1(both endogenous and exogenous) on fat metabolism in the muscle in STZ-treated mice.
The pathway of endogenous nesfatin-1 effect is showed by the white arrow and that of the exogenous nesfatin-1 is showed by the red arrow. The dashed arrow shows the possible pathway of exogenous nesfatin-1 affecting food intake.