Figure 1.
Left: C. geographus Linnaeus, 1758; piscivorous, 65–165 mm; intertidal to 20 m; significant fatality risk to humans. Centre: C. textile Linnaeus, 1758; molluscivorous, 40–150 mm; intertidal to 50 m; handle with extreme caution. Right: C. betulinus Linnaeus, 1758; vermivorous, 55–177 mm; intertidal to 20 m; minimal risk to humans; note operculum. All species Indo-Pacific.
Figure 2.
Species richness from a composite of individual species maps (Fig. 2A), and only species with mapped area less than the median indicating regions of potential endemism (Fig. 2B).
Figure 3.
Global extinction risk to Conus.
The percentage contribution for each assessed category to the global diversity of 632 spp of Conus. These are represented by 3 Critically Endangered species; 11 Endangered; 27 Vulnerable; 26 Near Threatened; 87 Data Deficient, and 478 of Least Concern.
Figure 4.
Number of Conus species at risk by ocean basin.
The number of species at risk by ocean basin for each threatened category. There are no species at risk in the Eastern Pacific.
Table 1.
Threatened Conus of the Eastern Atlantic (EA).
Table 2.
Threatened Conus of the Western Atlantic (WA).
Table 3.
Threatened Conus of the Indo-Pacific (IP).
Figure 5.
Contribution of range-restricted species to Conus biodiversity within each ocean basin.
This illustrates by region the percentage of total species by area of occupancy, with wide-ranging species, i.e. >2,000 km2 being minimal in the Eastern Atlantic but the major contributor to the Indo-Pacific and Eastern Pacific Conus. The abbreviated key describes the band sizes, e.g. to 10 km2 = 0–10 km2, to 25 km2 = 11–25 km2, to 100 km2 = 26–100 km2, etc.
Figure 6.
Main threats to Conus by ocean basin.
The number of Conus species at risk (consolidation of CR, EN and VU) indicating primary causes of endangerment, being demersal fishing, tourism, shell collecting, ports and harbours, petro-chemical spills, elevated sea-surface temperatures, effluent discharge and runoff, and coastal development.
Figure 7.
Contribution of range-restricted Conus species within assessment categories.
This shows the percentage of species by assessment category, with DD species having a higher proportion of taxa with small ranges compared to LC species and also with a large number of species with no distribution data. All threatened and near-threatened categories have been grouped. Key: CR Critically Endangered, EN Endangered, VU Vulnerable, NT Near Threatened, DD Data Deficient and LC Least Concern