Figure 1.
Geographic location of the populations under study (see table 1 for population acronyms).
Figure 2.
Plots of the genetic relations among populations under study.
(a) Multi-Dimensional scaling plot of Fst genetic distances (15 STRs; stress value=0.128); (b) Principal Component Analysis plot based on haplogroup frequencies. First component (x axis) and second component (y axis) explain 16.96% and 13.95% of total variance, respectively. Acronyms are given in Table 1.
Figure 3.
Posterior densities of Fst genetic distances for the micro-evolutionary scenarios.
Distributions of Fst values obtained by coalescent simulations (see Materials and Methods), with vertical lines representing observed values of within group diversity: (A) German speaking islands; (B) Italians (Non, Sole and Giudicarie valleys); (C) Ladins (continuous) and Italians (dashed; Fiemme, Fersina and Primiero valleys).
Figure 4.
Multi-Dimensional Scaling plot of Fst genetic distances between Alpine and European populations.
Plot based on 15 Y chromosome STRs (stress value=0.141). Population acronyms are given in Table 1 and Table S4.
Figure 5.
Distribution of Fst genetic distances among Alpine, Sardinian, Basque, Finn and European populations.
Frame A shows the Fst genetic distances distributions among European populations and between European and Alpine populations (see Table S4; Italy is represented only by La Spezia). Frame B shows the Fst genetic distances between some European outliers (Sardinians, Basques and Finns), Alpine groups and European open populations.