Figure 1.
Workflow for the optimization and evaluation of earthworm responses to sub-lethal toxicity of Carbofuran.
Table 1.
Compounds structurally identified from earthworm, Metaphire.posthuma by GC-MS.
Figure 2.
PCA of optimization of extraction solvent system for global metabolite profiling of earthworm Metaphire posthuma A) scores plot, explaining the extraction efficiency of different solvent systems 1. 80% MeOH, 2. Pure MeOH, 3. MIPW, 4. MCW, 5. AMW. B) Loadings plot.
Figure 3.
Coefficient of variation of metabolite features for different solvent systems extracted from earthworm Metaphire posthuma.
Figure 4.
Clustered heat map of intracellular metabolites extracted using A) MCW B) AMW C) Pure MeOH D) MIPW E) 80% MeOH.
Figure 5.
Principle component analysis (PCA) A) scores and B) loadings plots for 1.control earthworms and earthworms exposed to soil spiked with 2. Concentration of 0.1 mg/Kg, 3. Concentration of 0.3 mg/Kg, and 4. Concentration of 0.6 mg/Kg of carbofuran.
Figure 6.
Predictive accuracy of the model discriminating carbofuran exposed and healthy control earthworms summarised using ROC curve analysis.
Area under the curve = 0.99.
Figure 7.
Earthworm metabolite responses to carbofuran exposure 1) control group 2) concentration of 0.15 mg kg−1 exposed group 3) concentration of 0.3 mg kg−1 exposed group 4) concentration of 0.6 mg kg−1 exposed group.
Table 2.
Key putatively identified metabolic perturbations from GC MS based metabolomic analyses of earthworms after exposed to carbofuran.