Table 1.
Catalogue of behaviors of Eretmocerus eremicus analyzed in this study.
Figure 1.
Arena used to study foraging parasitoid behavior during IGP risk (choice bioassay).
Wasps were confronted simultaneously with three treatments: i) control, ii) previous exposure to predator and, iii) predator presence. R indicates the wasp release point.
Figure 2.
Parasitoid foraging behavior traits of E. eremicus on T. vaporariorum nymphs during IGP risk (no choice bioassay).
(A) Mean (± SEM) number of attacks. (B) Mean (± SEM) number of ovipositions. (C) Mean (± SEM) duration of ovipositions (in seconds). (D) Mean (± SEM) time of residence displayed by E. eremicus on leaflets. Observed treatments: C, control; PEP, previous exposure to predator; PP, predator presence. Different letters denote significant differences among treatments (P<0.05).
Figure 3.
Flow diagrams showing the behavioral sequence of E. eremicus under IGP risk (no choice bioassay).
Three treatments are illustrated: (A) control leaflets, (B) leaflets with previous exposure to predator and, (C) leaflets with presence of predator. Boxes represent behavioral acts, and numbers inside the boxes are behavioral repetitions. Solid arrows represent transitions significantly different from expected (non-random) transitions, and dashed arrows represent transitions not significantly different from expected (random) transitions. Numbers next to arrows represent the numbers of transitions. Transitions with a relative frequency lower than 3% are not shown.