Figure 1.
Phylogeny recovered from Bayesian inference conducted by the program Phylobayes.
The traditional clades above the ordinal level are indicated by boxes. Support values are posterior probabilities/maximum likelihood boostrap values from the RAxML analysis.
Figure 2.
Topology comparisons between our Phylobayes results and past studies.
The phylogeny obtained from phylobayes was compared to past hypotheses that were well-resolved regarding our included taxa. Three topologies met our criteria of taxon inclusion and resolution: Verhoeff [54], Enghoff [10,55], and Sierwald and Bond [2]. The full trees from each study are shown, the data source used to build the tree is indicated, and branches leading to taxa included in our analysis are shown in red. P-values obtained from each test are provided. Significant results (p < 0.05) are bolded and indicate the likelihood value of our Phylobayes results were significantly better than the alternative. Our RAxML results were also compared to the Phylobayes tree.
Figure 3.
Ancestral character state reconstructions of features relating to millipede gonopods, ozopores, and spinnerets.
The phylogeny obtained from phylobayes imported into Mesquite and states were reconstructed under a parsimony model. Squares correspond to gonopods (red = none, green = ninth and tenth legs pairs, blue = eighth and ninth leg pairs, black = ambiguous). Circles correspond to the presence of millipede ozopores (red = none and blue = present). Pentagons correspond to millipede spinnerets (red = none and blue = present).
Figure 4.
Chronograms representing the estimated divergence times for the lineages included in this study.
All analyses were conducted in Phylobayes using the Bayesian inference topology. A single fossil constraint was used, Pneumodesmus newmani - ~428 MYA, and the root prior was set at 510 MYA (as estimated by Rehm et al. [61]) with an exponential distribution. The orange circles indicate the fossil constraints, and the green circle indicates maximum age constraint placed on the Diplopoda (the emergence of land plants). A) divergence times estimated using the “UGAM” model; B) divergence times estimated using the “log normal” model.