Figure 1.
Bacterial diversity among four giant pandas.
The bar graph represents the relative distribution of bacterial classes found in giant panda fecal samples.
Figure 2.
16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a developmental change in bacterial communities in giant panda GITs.
Bacterial communities were clustered using PCoA of unweighted UniFrac distance matrices. The percentages of variation shown by the plotted principal coordinates are indicated on the axes.
Figure 3.
Core bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in giant panda GITs.
The core community was considered based on the OTUs detected in every fecal sample. The OTUs were assigned at 97% sequences similarity threshold. (A) Venn diagram summarizing the numbers of common OTUs among four giant pandas. (B) The relative abundance of core genera found in all giant pandas. The heat map indicates the relative percentage of each bacterial genus within each panda fecal sample.
Table 1.
Richness and diversity estimation for both bacterial and fungal diversities based on pyrotag sequence analysis.
Figure 4.
Core fungal species in giant panda GITs.
The core community was considered based on the common fungal species found in every fecal sample. (A) Venn diagram summarizing the numbers of common fungal species among four giant pandas in this study. (B) The relative abundance of core fungal species found in all giant pandas. Heat map indicating the relative percentage of each fungal species within each panda fecal sample.
Table 2.
Summary of the abundance and distribution of operation taxonomic units (OTUs) among fungal lineages in giant panda GITs.
Figure 5.
Phylogenetic tree based on 152 putative formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) genes deposited in the GenBank database together with representative FTHFS genes recovered from the fecal samples of giant pandas.
GenBank accession numbers of the reference sequences are shown followed by the species names. Bootstrap values of ≥70% are shown at nodes as closed circles for both tree construction methods and open circles for maximum likelihood method only. HS scores are included in parentheses for OTUs recovered in the present study. For the clusters, the number of sequences and the HSc score are indicated as follows; {n, HSc score}. The scale bar shows 9% sequence divergence.