Figure 1.
A stem-group amphiesmenopteran, lepidopterans, and a trichopteran.
(A), A stem-group amphiesmenopteran, Necrotaulius tener, modified after Grimaldi and Engel [5]. (B-F), Lepidopteran forewings. (B), Archaeolepis mane, from Grimaldi and Engel [5]. (C), Forewing of an Early Jurassic Germany lepidopteran, from Grimaldi and Engel [5]. (D), Undopterix sukatshevae, modified after Skalski [10]; the red arrowhead showing Rs3+4 furcation beyond the M1+2 furcation. (E), Netoxena nana, modified after Martins-Neto [24]; red line indicates a single-Y configuration. (F), Mesokristensenia sinica, modified after Huang et al. [25]. (G), A trichopteran, Juraphilopotamus lubricus, modified after Gao et al. [43].
Table 1.
Known fossil records of Mesozoic Lepidoptera.
Figure 2.
A hypothetical forewing of the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera.
(A), A hypothetical forewing of the Lepidoptera modified after Kristensen & Skalski [15]; red line indicates that M1, after separation from M2, subtends an angle greater than 60 degrees and is sharply angulate at the junction with the r–m crossvein. (B), A hypothetical forewing of the Trichoptera modified after Holzenthal et al. [36]; red line indicates the separation of M1+2, and M1 consisting of smooth and sublinear veins. Abbreviation: ny, nygmata.
Figure 3.
Seresilepidopteron dualis gen. et sp. nov.
Male, holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2006-001P/C. (A), Fossil specimen (counterpart). (B), Fossil specimen (part). (C), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus. (D), Genitalia (counterpart), outlined at (A). (E), Head and associated features (part). (F), Foreleg (counterpart). (G), Middle leg (counterpart). (H), Hind leg (part). (I) to (L), Camera lucida drawings of head (I), foreleg (J), middle leg (K), and hind leg (L). (M), SEM micrograph of left forewing venation, enlarged from the rectangular template in (B). Abbreviations: a, antennae; cly, clypeus; e, eye; fl, foreleg; j, jugum; md, mandible; pmx, maxillary palpus.
Figure 4.
Seresilepidopteron dualis gen. et sp. nov.
Female, paratype, CNU-LEP-NN-2006-002. (A), Fossil specimen, with a conchostracan at lower-right. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus. Abbreviations: cly, clypeus; md, mandible; msc, mesoscutum; msl, mesoscutellum; mesc, metascutum; mesl, metascutellum; ovl, ovipositor lobes; pmx, maxillary palpus.
Figure 5.
Akainalepidopteron elachipteron gen. et sp. nov.
Female, holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-024. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus. (C), A cluster of frenular bristles (wing coupling apparatus) on hind wing, outlined at the upper-right rectangular template in (A). (D), Piliform scales on hind wing, outlined at the lower-left rectangular template in (A).
Figure 6.
Akainalepidopteron elachipteron gen. et sp. nov.
Female, paratype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-023. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus.
Figure 7.
Dynamilepidopteron aspinosus gen. et sp. nov.
Male, holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-014. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus.
Figure 8.
Quadruplecivena celsa gen. et sp. nov.
Male, holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-027. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus.
Figure 9.
Quadruplecivena celsa gen. et sp. nov.
CNU-LEP-NN-2012-027. (A), Head of fossil specimen. (B), Right mid leg. (C), Hind leg and abdomen. Abbreviations: a, antennae; e, eye; lp, labial palpus.
Figure 10.
Petilicorpus cristatus gen. et sp. nov.
Female, holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-007. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Head and associated structures. (C), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus.
Figure 11.
Longcapitalis excelsus gen. et sp. nov.
Female, holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-025P. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus.
Figure 12.
Grammikolepidopteron extensus gen. et sp. nov.
Female, holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-006P. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus. (C), SEM micrograph showing the left forewing venation, enlarged from the rectangular template in (A).
Figure 13.
Mesokristensenia sinica Huang, Nel & Minet.
Male, CNU-LEP-NN-2009-003. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus.
Figure 14.
Mesokristensenia trichophora sp. nov.
Female, holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-032. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Head, showing scape with setae distally. (C), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus.
Figure 15.
Kladolepidopteron oviformis gen. et sp. nov.
Female, holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2009-007C. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus. (C), Head and thorax. (D), Forewing. Abbreviation: prt, prothorax.
Figure 16.
Kladolepidopteron subaequalis gen. et sp. nov.
Holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-020. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus. Paratype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-022. (C), Fossil specimen. (D), Camera lucida drawing of wing at (C).
Figure 17.
Kladolepidopteron parva gen. et sp. nov.
Male, holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-011P/C. (A), Fossil specimen (counterpart). (B), Fossil specimen (part). (C), Head and thorax. (D), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus. Abbreviation: t, tegula.
Table 2.
Character comparisons of Agathiphagidae, Mesokristenseniidae and Ascololepidopterigidae.
Figure 18.
Ascololepidopterix multinerve gen. et sp. nov.
Holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-028. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus.
Figure 19.
Pegolepidopteron latiala gen. et sp. nov.
Female, holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-001. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus. (C), SEM of right forewing venation, enlarged from the rectangular template in (A).
Figure 20.
Trionolepidopteron admarginis gen. et sp. nov.
Holotype, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-012. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus.
Figure 21.
Male, CNU-LEP-NN-2012-013. (A), Fossil specimen. (B), Camera lucida drawing of (A), showing overall habitus. (C), Foreleg showing the tibial epiphysis, as outlined at the rectangular template in (A).
Table 3.
Amphiesmenopteran and Lepidopteran apomorphies for our specimens.