Figure 1.
2D illustrations of selected monogenean anchors from publications [20], [24].
(A) Bivaginogyrus obscurus Gusev, 1955 (selected as 2D template for generic 3D model). (B) Dactylogyrus primarius Gusev, 1955. (C) Pellucidhaptor merus Zaika, 1961. (D) Dactylogyrus falcatus Wedl, 1857. (E) Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924. (F) Dactylogyrus pterocleidus Gusev, 1955. (G) Dactylogyrus falciunguis Achmerow,1952. (H) Chauhanellus auriculatum Lim, 1994. (I) Chauhanellus caelatus Lim, 1994 (red circles denote sites of high morphological variations).
Figure 2.
2D illustration of anchor of Bivaginogyrus obscurus printed on a Cartesian graph.
Dots represent positions of point primitives manually assigned along the anchor outline (preliminary model). (More point primitives are allocated in the sites of high morphological variations (Sites I–VII) in the final 3D model: see Fig. 6).
Figure 3.
3D wireframe of preliminary generic 3D anchor.
(A) 3D wireframe constructed in Mathematica. (B) 3D wireframe constructed in Blender.
Figure 4.
Preliminary generic 3D model of anchor.
(A) Before smoothening. (B) After smoothening using Catmull-Clark subdivision surface modifier and anti-aliasing rendering option in Blender.
Figure 5.
Process of optimization of the number of point primitives in sites of high morphological variations.
(A) 2D illustration of anchor of Dactylogyrus pterocleidus (target shape, outlined in red). (B) Preliminary generic 3D model (showing point primitives in rectangular blocks) with 4 point primitives at Site IV, overlaid on 2D target shape. (C) Derived 3D model (incomplete, in grey) of target shape based on 4 point primitives. (D) Preliminary generic 3D model assigned with 6 point primitives at Site IV and 2D target shape. (E) Derived 3D model (incomplete, in grey) of target shape based on 6 point primitives. (F) Preliminary generic 3D model assigned with 8 point primitives at Site IV and 2D target shape. (G) Derived 3D model (incomplete, in grey) of target shape based on 8 point primitives.
Table 1.
Number of point primitive on each site of high morphological variation as indicated in Fig. 1.
Figure 6.
Final deformable generic 3D model of anchor after inclusion of point primitives in all sites of high morphological variations and after smoothening using Catmull-Clark subdivision surface modifier and anti-aliasing option in Blender.
Figure 7.
Process of deformation of final generic 3D model into desired shape by direct manipulation deformation technique.
(A) 2D illustration of Dactylogyrus primarius (in red) with final generic 3D model (in grey). (B) Pilot points on final generic 3D models are selected. (C) Selected pilot points are moved to fill the 2D shape. (D–E) Other selected pilot points are moved to fill up the whole 2D shape. (F) New derived 3D shape.
Figure 8.
2D anchor templates (unshaded) and corresponding 3D models (coloured).
(A–B): 2D anchor template & final deformable generic 3D anchor model of Bivaginogyrus obscurus. (C–D): Dactylogyrus primarius. (E–F): Pellucidhaptor merus. (G–H): Dactylogyrus falcatus. (I–J) Dactylogyrus vastator. (K–L): Dactylogyrus pterocleidus. (M–N): Dactylogyrus falciunguis. (P–Q) Chauhanellus auriculatum. (R–S) Chauhanellus caelatus.
Figure 9.
2D illustration and 3D model of hook-like sclerite of Squalonchocotyle mitsukurii Kitamura, Ogawa, Taniuchi & Hirose, 2006 derived from the final deformable generic 3D anchor model by direct manipulation deformation method.
(A) 2D illustration of sclerite. (B) 3D model of sclerite.
Figure 10.
Views of the 3D anchor of Chauhanellus auricalatum in different degrees of rotation (anti-clockwise) in the x-axis.
(A) Side view at 0° rotation. (B) At 45°. (C) At 90°. (D) At 135°. (E) At 180°. (F) At 225°. (G) At 270°. (H) At 315°.
Figure 11.
3D models of anchor of Dactylogyrus vastator derived from two deformation methods.
(A) 3D model derived from changing Cartesian coordinates. (B) 3D model derived from direct manipulation method.