Figure 1.
Timeline of the spread of H. japonica into North America and Europe.
Figure 2.
Bayesian molecular phylogeny produced from the combined mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S rRNA genes.
Numbers above branches are posterior probabilities. Outgroup taxa removed for clarity.
Figure 3.
Haplotype network and distribution map of records of H. japonica in Japan, Korea, Europe and North America.
Numbers in the map indicate the localities listed in the key to localities. Numbers in the haplotype network indicate haplotype number as in Table 1. Haplotypes marked with an asterisk have been newly found in this study.
Figure 4.
Rarefaction analyses of COI haplotype diversity with sampling effort in H. japonica.
Black circles = Chao2 mean, Black squares = Sobs. A. Native range excluding Northeastern Japan. B. Northeastern Japan. C. Non-native range.