Figure 1.
Chafuroside B attenuated DNA damage, cell damage, and apoptosis in UVB-exposed human keratinocytes.
A Chemical structure of chafuroside B. B NHEK were irradiated with UVB (20 mJ/cm2), and then treated with chafuroside B (0.3 and 1 µM). Alamar blue assay was used to evaluate cell viability at 48 h after treatment. C, D NHEK were irradiated with UVB (20 mJ/cm2), and then treated with chafuroside B (1 µM). After 6 h, apoptotic cells were detected with CellEvent Caspase-3/7 Green Detection Reagent, which produces bright green fluorescence. Nuclei were stained using Hoechst 33342, exhibiting blue fluorescence. Numbers below the panel indicate percent of caspase-3/7-active cells detected in each population (100 cells, at least, were counted in each of the plates). E NHEK were irradiated with UVB (20 mJ/cm2), and then treated with chafuroside B (1 µM). After 24 h, CPD in genomic DNA was detected by an immunofluorescence method using FITC-labeled CPD specific antibodies. Cha B = Chafuroside B. All data are expressed as the mean ± sd (n = 3 or 4). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 compared with UVB (+).
Figure 2.
Chafuroside B decreased the UVB-induced production of TNF-α, PGE2, and IL-10 in human keratinocytes.
NHEK were irradiated with UVB (20 mJ/cm2), and then treated with chafuroside B (0.3 and 1 µM). After 48 h, supernatants were collected and the levels of TNF-α, PGE2, and IL-10 were evaluated by ELISA. (A) TNF-α. (B) PGE2. (C) IL-10. Cha B = Chafuroside B. All data are expressed as the mean ± sd (n = 4). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 compared with UVB (+).
Figure 3.
Chafuroside B enhanced IL-12 mRNA expression and production in human keratinocytes.
A NHEK were treated with chafuroside B (0.3 and 1 µM). The cells were harvested after 3 h and IL-12 mRNA was quantitated by means of RT-PCR. B NHEK were treated with chafuroside B (0.3 and 1 µM). After 72 h, supernatants were collected and IL-12 was evaluated by means of ELISA. Cha B = Chafuroside B. All data are expressed as the mean ± sd (n = 3 or 4). *P<0.05 compared with the control.
Figure 4.
Chafuroside B decreased the mRNA expression of RANKL induced by UVB radiation in human keratinocytes.
NHEK were irradiated with UVB (20 mJ/cm2), and then treated with chafuroside B (0.3 and 1 µM). The cells were harvested after 24 h and RANKL mRNA was evaluated by means of RT-PCR. Cha B = Chafuroside B. All data are expressed as the mean ± sd (n = 3 or 4). *P<0.05 compared with UVB (+).