Table 1.
Composition of diets.
Table 2.
Primer sequences.
Table 3.
Feed intake, morphological indices and tissue lipid content.
Table 4.
Postprandial plasma metabolites.
Figure 1.
Gene expression of intestinal membrane glucose transporters and proteins involved in chylomicron assembly.
mRNA levels of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter type 1 (SGLT1), glucose facilitative transporter type 2 (GLUT2), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein A4 (ApoA4) were measured using real-time quantitative RT-PCR in the intestine of rainbow trout from a fat line (F; black bar) and a lean line (L; grey bar) fed a diet without (VOC-) or with (VOC+) carbohydrate, 8 h after the last meal. Expression values are normalized by 18 S ribosomal RNA (18 S) expressed transcripts. Relative fold difference between treatments are presented as means + s.d. (N = 6 individuals) and were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls test for multiple comparison. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05
Figure 2.
Gene expression of selected glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes.
mRNA levels of glucokinase (GK), glucose-6-phosphatase isoform 1 (G6Pase1), isoform 2 (G6Pase2) and hexokinase (HK) were measured using real-time quantitative RT-PCR in the liver (row A); muscle (B), adipose tissue (C) and intestine (D) of rainbow trout from a fat line (F; black bar) and a lean line (L; grey bar) fed a diet without (VOC−) or with (VOC+) carbohydrate, 8 h after the last meal. Expression values are normalized by 18 S ribosomal RNA (18 S) expressed transcripts. Relative fold difference between treatments are presented as means + s.d. (N = 6 individuals) and were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls test for multiple comparison. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05
Figure 3.
Gene expression of selected enzymes and transcription factor involved in NADPH generation and lipogenesis.
mRNA levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl coA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), 9 fatty acyl desaturase (D9D) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1-like (SREBP-1c) were measured using real-time quantitative RT-PCR in the liver (A - two rows) and adipose tissue (B - two rows) of rainbow trout from a fat line (F; black bar) and a lean line (L; grey bar) fed a diet without (VOC−) or with (VOC+) carbohydrate, 8 h after the last meal. Expression values are normalized by 18 S ribosomal RNA (18 S) expressed transcripts. Relative fold difference between treatments are presented as means + s.d. (N = 6 individuals) and were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls test for multiple comparison. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05
Figure 4.
Gene expression of selected enzymes involved in fatty acid bioconversion.
mRNA levels of 6 fatty acyl desaturase (D6D), elongation of very long chain fatty acids like-2 (Elovl2) and elongation of very long chain fatty acids like-5 (Elovl5) were measured using real-time quantitative RT-PCR in the liver (row A) and intestine (row B) of rainbow trout from a fat line (F; black bar) and a lean line (L; grey bar) fed a diet without (VOC−) or with (VOC+) carbohydrate, 8 h after the last meal. Expression values are normalized by 18 S ribosomal RNA (18 S) expressed transcripts. Relative fold difference between treatments are presented as means + s.d. (N = 6 individuals) and were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls test for multiple comparison. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05
Figure 5.
Gene expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT1) isoforms involved in fatty acid oxidation.
mRNA levels of CPT1a, CPT1b, CPT1c and CPT1d were measured using real-time quantitative RT-PCR in the liver (column A), muscle (column B) and adipose tissue (column C) of rainbow trout from a fat line (F; black bar) and a lean line (L; grey bar) fed a diet without (VOC−) or with (VOC+) carbohydrate, 8 h after the last meal. Expression values are normalized by 18 S ribosomal RNA (18 S) expressed transcripts. Relative fold difference between treatments are presented as means + s.d. (N = 6 individuals) and were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (P<0.05) followed by Student–Newman–Keuls test for multiple comparison. When interactions were significant, means were compared using one way ANOVA (P<0.05).
Figure 6.
Gene expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor isoforms.
mRNA levels of PPARα, PPARβ and PPARγ were measured using real-time quantitative RT-PCR in the liver (row A), intestine (row B), adipose tissue (row C) and muscle (row D) of rainbow trout from a fat line (F; black bar) and a lean line (L; grey bar) fed a diet without (VOC−) or with (VOC+) carbohydrate, 8 h after the last meal. Expression values are normalized by 18 S ribosomal RNA (18 S) expressed transcripts. Relative fold difference between treatments are presented as means + s.d. (N = 6 individuals) and were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls test for multiple comparison. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05
Figure 7.
Gene expression of selected proteins involved in glucose and lipid uptake in the white muscle.
mRNA levels of glucose facilitative transporter type 4 (GLUT4), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and fatty acid translocase (CD36) were measured using real-time quantitative RT-PCR in the muscle of rainbow trout from a fat line (F; black bar) and a lean line (L; grey bar) fed a diet without (VOC−) or with (VOC+) carbohydrate, 8 h after the last meal. Expression values are normalized by 18 S ribosomal RNA (18 S) expressed transcripts. Relative fold difference between treatments are presented as means + s.d. (N = 6 individuals) and were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls test for multiple comparison. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05
Table 5.
Fatty acid profile of diets expressed as % of total fatty acids.
Table 6.
Fatty acid profile of muscle expressed as % of total fatty acids.
Table 7.
Fatty acid content of muscle expressed as mg/g of muscle (wet weight).
Table 8.
Fatty acid profile of liver expressed as % of total fatty acids.