Table 1.
Tested biopesticides.
Figure 1.
Mean percentages (± SEM) of survival of Bracon nigricans adults when exposed to 1-h (A) or to 10-d old pesticide residues (B). Mean percentages (± SEM) of B. nigricans emergences from treated cocooned pupae (C). For each figure, the bars followed by the same letter (lower case letters: female; upper case letters: male) are not significantly different (P>0.05; ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc test for multiple comparisons).
Table 2.
Statistics from the GLM Multivariate analysis used to test the effects of insecticide, sex, residue age (1-h and 10-d) and of the interaction of the insecticide factor with all the other ones on the adult mortality (survival) and on the longevity of the surviving adults.
Figure 2.
Sublethal effects on longevity.
Means (± SEM) of longevity (days) of Bracon nigricans adults exposed to 1-h (A) or to 10-d pesticide residues (B) or of those emerged from treated cocooned pupae (C). For each figure, the bars followed by the same letter (lower case letters: female; upper case letters: male) are not significantly different (P>0.05; ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc test for multiple comparisons).
Table 4.
Reduction coefficient Ex [48], IOBC toxicity classes [3], Doubling time (DT) and Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) [25] estimated for adults exposed to 1-h old and 10-d old pesticide residues, for adults emerged from topically treated cocooned pupae, and for the control population [33].
Table 3. Statistics from the GLM Multivariate analysis used to test the effects of insecticide, residue age (1-h and 10-d), and of their interaction on the progeny production, progeny sex-ratio, and number of killed hosts.
Figure 3.
Sublethal effects on progeny production.
Means (± SEM) of number of progeny produced in three d by each tested Bracon nigricans female exposed to 1-h (A) or to 10-d old pesticide residues (B) or by each emerged female from the treated cocooned pupae (C). For each figure, the bars followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05; ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc test for multiple comparisons).
Figure 4.
Sublethal effects on biocontrol activity.
Means (± SEM) of number hosts killed in three d by one Bracon nigricans female exposed to 1-h (A) or to 10-d old pesticide residues (B) or by one emerged female from the treated pupae (C). For each figure, the bars followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05; ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc test for multiple comparisons).