Figure 1.
GAT1 KO mice displayed abnormal EEG activity.
Representative examples for hypnogram, FFT-derived delta (0.5–4 Hz) power, FFT-derived theta (6–10 Hz) power and EMG activity in a WT (above) and KO mouse (below) from 10 am to 4 pm, as well as typical examples of EEG/EMG polygraphic recordings in each vigilance stage and corresponding power spectrum for 10-sec epochs for both genotypes. SWD, spike-wave discharge.
Figure 2.
GAT1 KO mice displayed dominant EEG theta-activity.
EEG power density curves for each stage during light (left panel) and dark (right panel) periods. The horizontal bars indicate where there is a statistical difference (P<0.01) between the WT (n = 7) and KO mice (n = 8), assessed by unpaired t- test.
Figure 3.
Sleep-wake profiles of the WT and GAT1 KO mice under baseline conditions.
(A) Time-course changes in each stage. Each circle represents the hourly mean amount of each stage. Open and filled circles stand for the values of the WT and KO mice, respectively. The horizontal open and filled bars on the χ-axis indicate the 12-h light and 12-h dark periods. (B) Total time spent in each stage for 12-h light/dark periods and 24 h all day. Open and filled columns represent the profiles for the WT (n = 7) and KO (n = 8) mice, respectively. Values are expressed as means ± SEM. * P<0.05 and ** P<0.01, compared with the corresponding WT control, assessed by unpaired t-test.
Figure 4.
GAT1 KO mice showed more sleep bouts and stage transition than the WT mice.
(A) Episode numbers and mean durations. (B) Numbers of sleep bouts in 12 h. (C) Stage transitions during 12-h light and 12-h dark phases. Open and filled columns represent the profiles for the WT and GAT1 KO mice, respectively. Values are expressed as means ± SEM. * P<0.05 and ** P<0.01, compared with the corresponding WT control, assessed by unpaired t-test.
Figure 5.
Effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on sleep-wake profiles.
(A) Time course changes of NREM and REM sleep in the WT (n = 6) and GAT1 KO (n = 7) mice. Each circle represents the hourly mean amount of sleep. Open and filled circles stand for the baseline and SD profiles, respectively. The horizontal open and filled bars on the χ-axis indicate the 12-h light and 12-h dark periods. (B) Total amount of NREM and REM sleep for 12 h in darkness after 6 h SD compared with corresponding baseline. Values are expressed as means ± SEM. Differences between the baseline and experimental day:* P<0.05 and ** P<0.01, paired t-test was performed if the results of the two-way ANOVA reached statistical significance.
Figure 6.
Effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on EEG power.
Time course of slow wave activity (SWA) and theta activity in NREM or NREM in WT and GAT1 KO mice during 12-h recovery after 6-h SD. Mean hourly values are expressed as percentage of mean 24-h baseline SWA or theta activity in NREM or REM sleep of the corresponding EEG. Values are expressed as means ± SEM. * P<0.05 and ** P<0.01, compared with the corresponding baseline, assessed by paired t-test.